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[[Category:Definitions]]
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[[Category:Definitions]]
There have been various demonologies (classifications of demons) in Christian demonology and classical occultism and Renaissance magic. Classification systems are based on the nature of the demon, the sin with which they tempt people, the month in which their power was strongest, the saints that were their adversaries, or other characteristics.


Classification of demons
==Classification by Domain==
It can be noted that according to each author listed below, the domain of each demon is very different (with the exception of Francesco Maria Guazzo, who seem to have copied Michael Psellus with little difference). It can also be seen that each author chooses and classifies demons differently.


There have been many attempts throughout the history of Christianity to classify demons into categories. These systems of classification of demons are a part of Christian demonology. Classification systems are based on the nature of the demon, the sin with which they tempt people, the month in which their power was strongest, the saints that were their adversaries, or other characteristics.
===The Testament of Solomon===
The ''Testament of Solomon'' is an Old Testament pseudepigraphical work, purportedly written by King Solomon, in which Solomon mostly describes particular [[demon]]s whom he enslaved to help build the temple, the questions he put to them about their deeds and how they could be thwarted, and their answers, which provide a kind of self-help manual against demonic activity. The date is very dubious, though is considered the oldest work surviving particularly concerned with individual demons.<ref>[http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/testamen.htm "The Testament of Solomon"], trans. F. C. Conybeare, ''Jewish Quarterly Review'', October, 1898]</ref><ref>Conybeare, F.C. ''The Testament of Solomon'', The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 11, No. 1, (October ,1898)</ref>


===Psellus' Classification of Demons===
Michael Psellus prepared a classification of demons in the 11th century, which was an inspiration for the classification Francesco Maria Guazzo prepared later. Psellus divided demons into Empyreal, Aerial, Subterranean, Lucifugi, Aqueous, and Terrene.<ref>''De operatione daemonum.'' Tr. Marcus Collisson. Sydney 1843. [http://www.esotericarchives.com/psellos/daemonibus.pdf Full online text], p.42-43</ref>


== Classification by domain ==
===Spina's classification of demons===
It can be noted that according to each author listed below, the domain of each demon is very different (with the exception of Francesco Maria Guazzo, who seem to have copied Michael Psellus with little difference.) It can also be seen that each author chooses his demons in a random form.
Alfonso de Spina, in 1467, prepared a classification of demons based on several criteria:
* Demons of fate
* Goblins
* [[Incubus|Incubi]] and [[Succubus (Traditional)|Succubi]]
* Wandering groups or armies of demons
* Familiars
* Drudes
* Cambions and other demons that are born from the union of a demon with a human being.
* Liar and mischievous demons
* Demons that attack the saints
* Demons that try to induce old women to attend Witches' Sabbaths


This classification is somewhat capricious and it is difficult to find a criterion for it. It seems that Spina was inspired by several legends and stories. The drudes belong to German folklore.  Familiars, goblins, and other mischievous demons belong to the folklore of most European countries.


== The Testament of Solomon ==
The belief in incubi and succubae (and their ability to procreate) seem to have inspired the seventh category, but it could also have been inspired in the Talmudic legend of demons having sexual intercourse with mortal women.
Wiki article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Solomon Testament of Solomon]


The Testament of Solomon is an Old Testament pseudepigraphical work, purportedly written by King Solomon, in which Solomon mostly describes particular demons whom he enslaved to help build the temple, the questions he put to them about their deeds and how they could be thwarted, and their answers, which provide a kind of self-help manual against demonic activity.The date is very dubious, perhaps 1st century to 3rd century, certainly the oldest work surviving particularly concerned with individual demons.
The visions of tempting demons that some early (and not too early) saints had, perhaps inspired the ninth category (e.g. the visions of Anthony the Great).


== Psellus' classification of demons ==
The idea of old women attending Sabbaths was common during the European Middle Age and Renaissance, and Spina mentioned it before the ''[[Malleus Maleficarum]].''
This is a classification of demons prepared by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Psellus Michael Psellus] in the 11th century and that undoubtedly was an inspiration for the one [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Guazzo Francesco Maria Guazzo] prepared later.
* Avoid daylight and are invisible to people
* Demons of fire, which dwell far from us...


== Spina's classification of demons ==
===Binsfeld's Classification of Demons===
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_de_Spina Alfonso de Spina], in 1467, prepared a classification of demons based on several criteria:
Peter Binsfeld prepared a classification of demons in 1589. His demon classification was based on the seven deadly sins, establishing that each one of the mentioned Seven princes of Hell tempted people by means of one of those sins.
* [[Lucifer]]: pride
* [[Mammon]]: greed
* [[Asmodeus]]: lust
* [[Leviathan]]: envy
* [[Beelzebub]]: gluttony
* [[Satan]]: wrath
* [[Belphegor]]: sloth<ref>Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology, By Rosemary Guiley, p. 28-29, Facts on File, 2009.</ref>


*Demons of fate
===Michaelis' Classification of Demons===
*Goblins
In 1613 Sebastien Michaelis wrote a book, ''Marvelous History'', which included a classification of demons as it was told to him by the demon Berith when he was exorcising a nun, according to the author. This classification is based on the Pseudo-Dionysian hierarchies, according to the sins the devil tempts one to commit, and includes the demons' adversaries (who suffered that temptation without falling).
*Incubi and succubi
*Wandering groups or armies of demons
*Familiars
*Druden
*Demons that are born from the union of a demon with a human being.
*Liar and mischievous demons
*Demons that attack the saints
*Demons that try to induce old women to attend Sabbaths


This classification is somewhat capricious and it is difficult to find a criterion for it. It seems that Spina was inspired by several legends and stories. The drudes belong to German folklore. Familiars, goblins, and other mischievous demons belong to the folklore of most European countries.
Note that many demons' names are exclusively French or unknown in other catalogs. St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist are the two St. Johns to whom Michaelis refers. The other saints are cited only by their name without making clear, i.e., which Francis is (of Assisi?).
The belief in incubi and succubae (and their ability to procreate) seem to have inspired the sixth category, but it could also have been inspired in the Talmudic legend of demons having sexual intercourse with mortal women (see also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastema Mastema]).
The visions of tempting demons that some early (and not too early) saints had, perhaps inspired the ninth category (i.e. the visions of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_the_Great Anthony the Great]).
The idea of old women attending Sabbaths was common during the European Middle Age and Renaissance, and Spina mentioned it before the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum Malleus Maleficarum] as it is possible to see.


== Binsfeld's classification of demons ==
====First Hierarchy====
Binsfeld's classification of demons was prepared in 1589 by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld Peter Binsfeld]. His demon classification based on the seven deadly sins, establishing that each one of the mentioned demons tempted people by means of one of those sins.
The first hierarchy includes angels that were Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones.
*[[Lucifer]]: arrogance (pride)
* [[Beelzebub]] was a prince of the Seraphim, just below Lucifer.  Beelzebub, along with Lucifer and Leviathan, were the first three angels to fall.  He tempts men with pride and is opposed by St. Francis of Assisi.
*[[Leviathan]]: envy
* [[Leviathan]] was also a prince of the Seraphim who tempts people to give into heresy, and is opposed by [[St. Peter]].
*[[Satan]] (or Gaap): wrath
* [[Asmodai|Asmodeus]] was also a prince of the Seraphim, burning with desire to tempt men into wantonness.  He is opposed by St. John the Baptist.
*[[Belphegor]]: sloth (laziness)
* [[Berith]] was a prince of the Cherubim.  He tempts men to commit homicide, and to be quarrelsome, contentious, and blasphemous.  He is opposed by St. Barnabas.
*[[Mammon]]: avarice (greed)
* Pesado was a prince of the Abadon. The keeper of chaos.
*[[Beelzebub]]: gluttony
* [[Astaroth]] was a prince of Thrones, who tempts men to be lazy and is opposed by St. Bartholomew.
*[[Asmodeus]]: lust
* Verrine was also prince of Thrones, just below Astaroth.  He tempts men with impatience and is opposed by St. Dominic.
* [[Gressil]] was the third prince of Thrones, who tempts men with impurity and is opposed by St. Bernard.
* [[Sonneillon]] was the fourth prince of Thrones, who tempts men to hate and is opposed by St. Stephen.<ref>« les demons estans interrogez respondirent qu'ils estoient trois au corps de Louyse, y  estans par le moyen d'vn malefice, & que le premier d'eux se nommoit Verrine, l'autre Gresil, & le dernier Sonneillon, & que tous estoient du troisiesme ordre, sçauoir au rang des Throsnes. » (Histoire admirable de la possession et conversion d'vne penitente [] exorcisee [] soubs l'authorité du R.P. F. SEBASTIEN MICHAELIS [] Edition troisiesme & derniere. Paris, Chastellain, 1614, page 3.  From Michaelis's work, available on BNF: [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k83485n online text from Gallica]
[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k83485n Histoire admirable]</ref>


== Guazzo's classification of demons ==
====Second Hierarchy====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Guazzo Francesco Maria Guazzo] prepared this classification of demons based on a previous work by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Psellus Michael Psellus]. It was published in his book Compendium Maleficarum in 1608.
The second hierarchy includes Powers, Dominions, and Virtues.
*Demons of the superior layers of the air, which never establish a relationship with people.
* Carreau was a prince of Powers. He tempts men with hardness of heart and is opposed by SS. Vincent and Vincent Ferrer
*Demons of the inferior layers of the air, which are responsible for storms.
* Carnivale was also a prince of Powers. He tempts men to obscenity and shamelessness, and is opposed by John the Evangelist.
*Demons of earth, which dwell in fields, caves and forests.
* Oeillet was a prince of Dominions. He tempts men to break the vow of poverty and is opposed by St. Martin.
*Demons of water, which are female demons, and destroy aquatic animals.
* Rosier was the second in the order of Dominions. He tempts men against sexual purity and is opposed by St. Basil.
*Demons of the underground part of the earth, responsible of keeping hidden treasures, causing earthquakes, and causing the crumbling of houses.
* [[Belial|Belias]] was the prince of Virtues. He tempts men with arrogance and women to be vain, raise their children as wantons, and gossip during mass. He is opposed by St. Francis de Paul.
*Demons of the night, which are black and evil. These demons avoid daylight.


== Michaelis' classification of demons ==
====Third Hierarchy====
In 1613 Sebastian Michaelis wrote a book, Admirable History, in which included a classification of demons as it was told to him by the demon Berith when he was exorcising a nun, according to the author. This classification is based in hierarchies, the sins by means of which the temptation is made, and includes the demons' adversaries (who suffered that temptation without falling).
The third hierarchy includes Principalities, Archangels, and Angels.
Note that many demons' names are exclusively French or unknown in other catalogues. St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist are the two St. John's to whom Michaelis refers. The other saints are cited only by their name without making clear, i.e., which Francis is (of Assisi?).
* Olivier was the prince of the Archangels. He tempts men with cruelty and mercilessness toward the poor and is opposed by St. Lawrence.
* Luvart was prince of Angels. At the time of Michaelis's writing, Luvart was believed to be in the body of a Sister Madeleine.<ref>"The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology."  Rossell Hope Robbins (1912). Bonanza Books.  New York.  ©1959. 1981 Edition.</ref><!--Reference is for whole section-->
* Verrier was the prince of Principalities. He tempts men against the vow of obedience and is opposed by St. Bernard.


== First Hierarchy ==
===Barrett's Classification of Demons===
[[Beelzebub]]: arrogance; adversary, St. Francis
Francis Barrett, in his book '''The magus''' (1801), offered this '''classification of [[demon]]s''', making them princes of some evil attitude, person or thing:
* [[Beelzebub]]: idolators
* Pythius: liars and liar spirits
* [[Belial]]: vessels of iniquity and inventors of evil things
* [[Asmodeus]]: vile revenges
* [[Satan]]: witches and warlocks
* [[Merihem]]: pestilences and spirits that cause pestilences
* [[Abaddon]]: powers of war and devastation
* [[Astaroth]]: inquisitors and accusers
* [[Mammon]]: tempters and ensnarers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/magus/ma219.htm#page_47 |title=Barrett's The Magus at |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref><!--Reference is for whole section-->


[[Leviathan]]: attacks Christian religious beliefs; adversary, St. Peter
==Classification by Month==
During the 16th century, it was believed that each demon had more strength to accomplish his mission during a special month of the year. In this way, he and his assistants' powers would work better during that month.
* [[Belial]] in January
* [[Leviathan]] in February
* [[Satan]] in March
* [[Belphegor]] in April
* [[Lucifer]] in May
* [[Berith]] in June
* [[Beelzebub]] in July
* [[Astaroth]] in August
* [[Thammuz]] in September
* [[Baal]] in October
* [[Asmodai]] in November
* [[Moloch]] in December


[[Asmodai]]: lust; adversary: St. John
The classification of demons by month seems to have astrological implications more than religious ones.
 
[[Berith]]: murdering and blasphemy; adversary, St. Barnabas
 
[[Astaroth]]: laziness and vanity; adversary, St. Bartholomew
 
[[Verrin]]: impatience; adversary, St. Dominic.


[[Gressil]]: impurity, uncleanness and nastiness; adversary, St. Bernard
==Classification by Office==
There were also classifications by office, like those written in several grimoires.


[[Sonneillon]]: hate; adversary, St. Stephen.
===Le Dragon Rouge (or Grand Grimoire)===
Like many works of mystical nature, ''Le Dragon Rouge'' (or the ''Red Dragon'') claims to come from Solomon and his priests and is said to be published in 1517 by Alibeck the Egyptian. However, it was most likely written in France in the 18th century.


== Second Hierarchy ==
The grimoire details the different hosts of hell and their powers, describing how to enter a pact with them to attain the magicians' goals. The demons of hell are classified by three different tiers from Generals to Officers.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm20.htm#page_97 A.E. Waite's "Book of Ceremonial Magic," p.97] and [http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm23.htm#page_109 p.109]</ref>
[[Lilith]]: first wife of Adam, succubus


== Third Hierarchy ==
===Pseudomonarchia Daemonum===
[[Belial]]: arrogance; adversary, St. Francis of Paula
''Pseudomonarchia Daemonum'', by Johann Weyer, is a grimoire that contains a list of demons and the appropriate hours and rituals to conjure them ''in the name of God, Jesus and the Holy Ghost'' (simpler than those cited by ''The Lesser Key of Solomon'' below).


[[Olivier]]: fierceness, greediness and envy; adversary, St. Lawrence
This book was written around 1583, and lists sixty-eight demons. The demons Vassago, Seir, Dantalion and Andromalius are not listed in this book. Pseudomonarchia Daemonum does not attribute seals to the demons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm |title=Weyer's Pseudomonarchia Daemonum at Twilit Grotto |publisher=Esotericarchives.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-22}}</ref>


[[Jouvart]]: sexuality; adversary, not cited.
===The Lesser Key of Solomon===
The ''Lesser Key of Solomon'' or ''Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis'' is an anonymous 17th century grimoire, and one of the most popular books of demonology. The ''Lesser Key of Solomon'' contains detailed descriptions of spirits and the conjurations needed to invoke and oblige them to do the will of the conjurer (referred to as the "exorcist"). It details the protective signs and rituals to be performed, the actions necessary to prevent the spirits from gaining control, the preparations prior to the invocations, and instructions on how to make the necessary instruments for the execution of these rituals.


== Barrett's classification of demons ==
The author of ''The Lesser Key of Solomon'' copied ''Pseudomonarchia Daemonum'' almost completely, but added demons' descriptions, their seals and details.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Barrett_%28occultist%29 Francis Barrett], in his book The magus (1801), offered this classification of demons, making them princes of some evil attitude, person or thing:
Mammon: seducers


[[Asmodai]]: vile revenges
====The Ars Goetia====
''Ars Goetia'' is the title of the first section of ''The Lesser Key of Solomon'', containing descriptions of the seventy-two demons that King Solomon is said to have evoked and confined in a bronze vessel sealed by magic symbols, and that he obliged to work for him.


[[Satan]]: witches and warlocks
The ''Ars Goetia'' assigns a rank and a title of nobility to each member of the infernal hierarchy, and gives the demons "signs they have to pay allegiance to", or seals.


[[Pithius]]: liars and liar spirits
===Dictionnaire Infernal===
The <span lang="fr">''Dictionnaire Infernal''</span> is a book on demonology, organized in hellish hierarchies. It was written by <span lang="fr">Jacques Auguste Simon Collin de Plancy</span> and first published in 1818. There were several editions of the book, but perhaps the most famous is the edition of 1863, in which sixty-nine illustrations were added to the book. These illustrations are drawings which depict the descriptions of the appearance of a number of demons. Many of these images were later used in S. L. MacGregor Mathers's edition of ''The Lesser Key of Solomon'' though some of the images were removed.


[[Belial]]: fraud and injustice
The book was first published in 1818 and then divided into two volumes, with six reprints and many changes between 1818 and 1863. This book attempts to provide an account of all the knowledge concerning superstitions and demonology.


[[Merihem]]: pestilences and spirits that cause pestilences
[[Abaddon]]: war, evil against good
[[Astaroth]]: inquisitors and accusers
== Classification by month ==
During the 16th century it was believed that each demon had more strength to accomplish his mission during a special month of the year. In this way, he and his assistants' powers would work better during that month.
[[Belial]] in January
[[Leviathan]] in February
[[Satan]] in March
[[Belphegor]] in April
[[Lucifer]] in May
[[Berith]] in June
[[Beelzebub]] in July
[[Astaroth]] in August
[[Thammuz]] in September
[[Baal]] in October
[[Asmodai]] in November
[[Moloch]] in December
The classification of demons by month seems to have astrological implications more than religious ones.


== Classification by office ==
==References==
There were also classifications by office, like those written in several [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire grimoires].
<references />


== Le Dragon Rouge (or Grand Grimoire) ==
Like many works of mystical nature, Le Dragon Rouge (or the Red Dragon) claims to come from Solomon and his priests and is said to be published in 1517 by Alibeck the Egyptian. However, it was most likely written in France in the 18th century.
The grimoire details the different hosts of hell and their powers, describing how to enter a pact with them to attain the magicians' goals. The demons of hell are classified by three different tiers from Generals to Officers.
Elite, veteran members of Le Dragon Rouge bear a ring of an onyx stone with the form of Le Dragon Rouge in red enamel for official stamping of letters between members.


== Pseudomonarchia Daemonum ==
==See Also==
Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Weyer Johann Weyer], is a grimoire that contains a list of demons and the appropriate hours and rituals to conjure them in the name of God, Jesus and the Holy Ghost (simpler than those cited by The Lesser Key of Solomon below).
*[[Nature of Hell]]
This book was written around 1583, and lists sixty-eight demons. The demons [[Vassago]], [[Seir]], [[Dantalion]] and [[Andromalius]] are not listed in this book. Pseudomonarchia Daemonum does not attribute seals to the demons. Weyer said to have been inspired by another grimoire also attributed to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon King Solomon].
*[[Archdemon]]
*[[List of demons|List of Demons]]
*[[Hierarchy of angels|Hierarchy of Angels]]


== The Lesser Key of Solomon ==
Wiki article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lesser_Key_of_Solomon The Lesser Key of Solomon]


The Lesser Key of Solomon or Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis is an anonymous 17th century grimoire, and one of the most popular books of [[demonology]]. The Lesser Key of Solomon contains detailed descriptions of spirits and the conjurations needed to invoke and oblige them to do the will of the conjurer (referred to as the "exorcist"). It details the protective signs and rituals to be performed, the actions necessary to prevent the spirits from gaining control, the preparations prior to the [[invocations]], and instructions on how to make the necessary instruments for the execution of these [[rituals]].
==External Links==
The author of The Lesser Key of Solomon copied Pseudomonarchia Daemonum almost literally, but added demons' descriptions, their seals and details.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_demons The original source of this article at Wikipedia]
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