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[[Category:Film and Media]]
{{Infobox film
| name           = Incubus
| image          = Incubus chopping wood.png
| image_size     =
| caption        = William Shatner as Marc, chopping wood in the 1966 film Incubus
| director       = Leslie Stevens
| producer       = Anthony M. Taylor
| writer         = Leslie Stevens
| narrator       = Paolo Cossa
| starring       = William Shatner<br />Milos Milos<br />Allyson Ames
| music          = Dominic Frontiere
| cinematography = Conrad Hall<br>William A. Fraker<br> ''(uncredited)''
| editing        = Richard K. Brockway
| distributor    = Contempo III Productions
| released       = October 26, 1966<br>(SF Film Festival)
| runtime        = 78 minutes
| country        = United States
| language       = Esperanto
| budget         = $125,000 ''(Estimated)''<ref name=tcmarticle />
| gross          =
}}
''For other uses of the word [[Incubus]], see [[Incubus (disambiguation)]].''


'''''Incubus''''' ({{lang-eo|'''Inkubo'''|links=no}}) is a 1966 black-and-white American horror film filmed entirely in the constructed language, Esperanto and later restored in 2001. Incubus was directed by Leslie Stevens, creator of The Outer Limits, and stars a pre-Star Trek William Shatner.

Its striking black and white cinematography was by Conrad Hall, who went on to win three Academy Awards for his work on the films Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Road to Perdition, and American Beauty. The film was performed entirely in the constructed language Esperanto. This was done to create an eerie, other-worldly feeling, and the director has prohibited dubbing the film into other languages to retain its original artistic style.

In this film, the actresses Allyson Ames and Eloise Hardt play Succubi and the actor Milos Milos plays an Incubus character.

==Production background==
''Incubus'' was directed by Leslie Stevens, creator of ''The Outer Limits'', and stars William Shatner, shortly before he would begin his work on ''Star Trek''. The film's cinematography was by Conrad Hall, who went on to win three Academy Awards for his work on the films ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid'', ''American Beauty'' and ''Road to Perdition''. The film was performed entirely in the constructed language Esperanto. This was done to create an eerie, other-worldly feeling,<ref name=esperantocinema>[http://www.delbarrio.eu/cinema.htm Esperanto and cinema]</ref> and the director has prohibited dubbing into other languages, however on the ''Special Features'' section of the DVD the makers claim that Esperanto was used because of perceived greater international sales.

==Preservation==
The film was lost for many years because the original print of the film burned in a fire and all copies were reported lost, destroyed, or worn away, but a copy of the film with French subtitles was found in the permanent collection of the Cinémathèque Française in Paris. The Sci Fi Channel funded the restoration from that print and released a DVD in 2001 that included subtitles in English]and French. Because the source print contained burned-in French subtitles, the English subtitles are placed over black bars that partially obscure some portions of the frame.

==Esperanto language==
''Incubus'' was the second feature film primarily using Esperanto ever made. The first, ''Angoroj'' (Esperanto for ''Agonies'') appeared in 1964, two years earlier. Esperanto speakers are generally disappointed by the pronunciation of the language by the cast of ''Incubus''.<ref name=esperantocinema />

== Plot ==
[[File:Incubus like the sea.png|250px|thumb|left|Still of Allyson Ames and William Shatner, with English subtitles over the French subtitles of the sole film copy found in France.]]
The film is set in the village of Nomen Tuum (Latin, "your name"), which has a well that can heal the sick and make a person more beautiful.  Because of the latter, many conceited or corrupt individuals come to the village for this cosmetic effect.  The village has notoriety for its magical water, as well as being a ground for darkness and demons. Along the village, [[succubi]] entice the tainted souls who come to Nomen Tuum and lead them to their deaths in order to offer their souls to Hell/the God of Darkness.  A prominent young succubus named Kia (Allyson Ames) loathes the routine of herding sinners to hell.  Kia claims her powers are being wasted, and needs something/someone more stimulating as her prey.  Her sister succubus, Amael (Eloise Hardt), warns Kia of the danger that a pure soul will bring: love.  Kia persists anyway and attempts to find a clergyman to seduce into darkness.  After watching their behaviour however, she realizes these men are just as iniquitous and shrewd as her previous victims.

She soon stumbles upon a suitable victim: Marc (Shatner), a young soldier, who with his sister Arndis (Ann Atmar) comes to the sacred water in order to heal his battle-wounds. Kia then continues to follow the siblings and pretends to be lost.  After a brief eclipse, Kia convinces Marc to accompany her to the sea.  During the eclipse, Arndis becomes blind from looking into the sky.  Disoriented, she stumbles around in order to find Marc.  Marc and Kia quickly become attracted to each other. 

Marc has a ''pure soul'' and will not have closer relations with Kia except if they are married. As Kia sleeps, Marc takes her to the village cathedral. Kia flees from the cathedral, bewildered by the sight of Christ and the saints. She is repulsed by both the Godly images and Marc's pure love. His purity makes her ill.

Amael and Kia meditate revenge on Marc for "defiling her" with an "act of love". Amael summons an incubus (Milos Milos) that attempts to kill Marc and rapes and murders Arndis. As Marc prays for his sister he makes the sign of the cross and the lurking demons cringe in horror. Defending himself from the incubus' attack, he appears to have killed him and Amael tells him he has the sin of murder on his hands. Kia follows Marc, who is dying, to the cathedral where she professes her love for him.  The resurrected incubus intervenes and claims she belongs to the God of Darkness.  Kia defies him and makes the sign of the cross, surprising even herself. A goat appears and wrestles her into the ground.

After the struggle she claims, "I belong to the God of Light," and crawls toward Marc, who immediately embraces her.  The final scene shows the couple staring in disbelief at the boundary of the cathedral, with the goat gazing back at them.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor/Actress !! Role
|-
|William Shatner	||	Marc
|-
|'''Allyson Ames'''	||	'''Kia'''
|-
|'''Eloise Hardt'''	||	'''Amael'''
|-
|Robert Fortier	||   Olin
|-
|Ann Atmar	||	Arndis
|-
|'''Milos Milos'''	||	'''Incubus'''
|-
|Jay Ashworth	||	Monk
|-
|Forrest T. Butler	||	Monk 
|-
|Paolo Cossa	||	Narrator
|-
|Ted Mossman	||	Monk 
|-
|}

==Production==
===Pre-production===
After the ABC Television Network cancelled producer Leslie Stevens' science fiction series ''The Outer Limits'' in 1965, Stevens wrote a horror script to make use of the talents of the ''Outer Limits'' team he had brought together &ndash; including cinematographer Conrad L. Hall and composer Dominic Frontiere &ndash; with an eye to marketing it to art houses.

Stevens and producer Anthony M. Taylor wanted a device to make the film unique, and, to this end, chose Esperanto as the film's language.  The script was translated into Esperanto, and the actors rehearsed for 10 days to learn their lines phonetically, but no one was present on the set to correct their pronunciation during shooting.<ref name=tcmarticle>Miller, John M. [http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=79187&category=Articles "Incubus" (TCM article)]</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography took place over 18 days in May 1965.  Location shooting took place at Big Sur Beach and at the Mission San Antonio de Padua near Fort Hunter Liggett in Monterey County.  Concerned that the authorities would not grant permission to shoot a horror film in these places, especially the Mission, Stevens concocted a cover story that the film was actually called ''Religious Leaders of Old Monterey'', and showed the script, in Esperanto, but with stage directions and descriptions about monks and farmers.<ref name=tcmarticle />

==Reception==
The premiere of ''Incubus'' took place at the San Francisco Film Festival on October 26, 1966, where, according to producer Taylor, a group of 50 to 100 Esperanto enthusiasts "screamed and laughed" at the actors' poor pronunciation of the language.<ref name=tcmarticle /> Partly because of its Esperanto dialogue, and partly because of the scandal of one of the actors taking his own life and that of his girlfriend (see [[#"Curse"|below]]),<ref name=tcmarticle /> Taylor and Stevens were unable to find any distribution for the film except in France, where it premiered in November 1966.<ref>IMDb [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0059311/releaseinfo Release dates]</ref>

Nevertheless, the film enjoys a 71% approval rate on the website Rotten Tomatoes.<ref name="rottentomatoes">
{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1085069-incubus/ |title=Incubus (1965) | work = Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=October 28, 2011}}</ref>

== "Curse" ==
Many people connected with the film met unfortunate fates after the film wrapped, giving rise to an urban legend that ''Incubus'' was a cursed production:

* Actor Milos Milos, the Serbian actor who played the Incubus, killed his girlfriend, Barbara Ann Thomason Rooney &ndash; the estranged fifth wife of Mickey Rooney &ndash; and himself in 1966, nine months before the film's premiere.<ref name=tcmarticle /><ref name="fuego">Leonard, Greg. ''en feugo magazine''. "[http://enfuego.org/ef1_pc/incubus/incubus1.html Evil, Tragedy and Esperanto]". Retrieved August 20, 2006.</ref>
* Actress Ann Atmar committed suicide twelve days before the film's premiere.<ref name=tcmarticle /><ref name="fuego" />
* The daughter of actress Eloise Hardt was kidnapped and murdered.<ref name=tcmarticle /><ref name="fuego" />
* William Shatner's third wife drowned in a pool.
* Director Leslie Stevens and actress Allyson Ames divorced, and Stevens' production company, Daystar Productions, went bankrupt.<ref name="fuego" />

==Home video release==
When producer Anthony Taylor attempted to prepare ''Incubus'' for home video release in 1993, he was told by the company that stored the negative, film elements, and prints, that all were missing and presumed to have been destroyed in a fire. Three years later, a print was discovered at the Cinematheque Francaise in Paris. However, not only was that print in poor condition, it had French subtitles. A new master was created by frame-by-frame optical printing, and English subtitles were superimposed over the French ones.<ref name=tcmarticle />

== Cultural References ==
According to behind the scenes footage from Blade Trinity, writer and director David S. Goyer wanted to include a more worldly aspect. Esperanto was included as a secondary language for the unnamed city including an instance where character Hannibal King is seen watching Incubus from a gurney.

== References ==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
* Tom Weaver, ''Video Watchdog'' #53 (1999) "Raising the Incubus"

== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubus_(1966_film) This film at Wikipedia]
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0059311/ Incubus] at the Internet Movie Database 
*[http://dir.salon.com/ent/movies/feature/2000/05/03/incubus "Curse of the 'Incubus'", By Cara Jepsen] 
*[http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/1085069-incubus ''Incubus''] at Rotten Tomatoes
*[http://www.moviefanfare.com/from-the-files-of-dr-strangefilm/dr-strangefilm-case-007-incubus/ A review of the movie Incubus on Moviefanfare.com]