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	== External Links ==		== External Links ==
	[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan The original source of this article at Wikipedia]		*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan The original source of this article at Wikipedia]
	* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/science_and_environment/10461066.stm 'Sea monster' whale fossil unearthed. Named Leviathan by scientists] 30 June 2010.		* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/science_and_environment/10461066.stm 'Sea monster' whale fossil unearthed. Named Leviathan by scientists] 30 June 2010.
	* [http://www.bookofjob.org Putting God on Trial- The Biblical Book of Job] contains a major section on the literary use of Leviathan.		* [http://www.bookofjob.org Putting God on Trial- The Biblical Book of Job] contains a major section on the literary use of Leviathan.

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			[[Category:Demon Names]]

	This article is about the biblical creature. For other uses, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_%28disambiguation%29 Leviathan (disambiguation)].		This article is about the biblical creature. For other uses, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_%28disambiguation%29 Leviathan (disambiguation)].

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This article is about the biblical creature. For other uses, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_%28disambiguation%29 Leviathan (disambiguation)].

Leviathan (Hebrew: לִוְיָתָן, Standard Livyatan Tiberian Liwyāṯān ; "Twisted; coiled") was a Biblical sea monster referred to in the Old Testament (Psalm 74:13-14; Job 41; Isaiah 27:1). The word leviathan has become synonymous with any large sea monster or creature. In the novel Moby-Dick it refers to great whales, and in Modern Hebrew, it means simply "whale".

== External Link ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeviathanLeviathan entry at Wikipedia]

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	'''Leviathan''' (/lɨˈvaɪ.əθən/; Hebrew: לִוְיָתָן, Modern ''Livyatan'' Tiberian ''Liwyāṯān'' ; "twisted, coiled") is a sea monster referenced in the Tanakh, or the Old Testament.		'''Leviathan''' (/lɨˈvaɪ.əθən/; Hebrew: לִוְיָתָן, Modern ''Livyatan'' Tiberian ''Liwyāṯān'' ; "twisted, coiled") is a sea monster referenced in the Tanakh, or the Old Testament.

	The word has become synonymous with any large sea monster or creature. In literature (e.g., Herman Melville's ''Moby-Dick'') it refers to great whales, and in Modern Hebrew, it simply means "whale". It is described extensively in ~~[[Book of job\|~~Job]] 41 and mentioned in Isaiah 27:1.		The word has become synonymous with any large sea monster or creature. In literature (e.g., Herman Melville's ''Moby-Dick'') it refers to great whales, and in Modern Hebrew, it simply means "whale". It is described extensively in Job 41 and mentioned in Isaiah 27:1.


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	:<sup>11</sup> Who has a claim against me that I must pay? Everything under heaven belongs to me.		:<sup>11</sup> Who has a claim against me that I must pay? Everything under heaven belongs to me.
	:<sup>12</sup> I will not fail to speak of his limbs, his strength and his graceful form.		:<sup>12</sup> I will not fail to speak of his limbs, his strength and his graceful form.
	:<sup>13</sup> Who can strip off his outer coat? Who would approach him with a [[bridle]]?		:<sup>13</sup> Who can strip off his outer coat? Who would approach him with a bridle?
	:<sup>14</sup> Who dares open the doors of his mouth, ringed about with his fearsome teeth?		:<sup>14</sup> Who dares open the doors of his mouth, ringed about with his fearsome teeth?
	:<sup>15</sup> His back has rows of shields tightly sealed together;		:<sup>15</sup> His back has rows of shields tightly sealed together;
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	==Ancient Middle Eastern Origins==		==Ancient Middle Eastern Origins==
	Sea serpents feature prominently in the mythology of the Ancient Near East, attested as early as the 3rd millennium BCE in Sumerian iconography depicting the myth of the god Ninurta overcoming the seven-headed serpent. Examples of the storm god vs. sea serpent trope in the Ancient Near East can be seen with [[Baʿal]] vs. Yam (Canaanite), Marduk vs. Tiamat (Babylonian), and Atum vs. Nehebkau (Egyptian) among others, with attestations as early as the 2nd millennium as seen on Syrian seals.		Sea serpents feature prominently in the mythology of the Ancient Near East, attested as early as the 3rd millennium BCE in Sumerian iconography depicting the myth of the god Ninurta overcoming the seven-headed serpent. Examples of the storm god vs. sea serpent trope in the Ancient Near East can be seen with Baʿal vs. Yam (Canaanite), Marduk vs. Tiamat (Babylonian), and Atum vs. Nehebkau (Egyptian) among others, with attestations as early as the 2nd millennium as seen on Syrian seals.

	In the Ugaritic texts Lotan, or possibly another of Yam's helpers, is given the epithets "wriggling serpent" and "mighty one with the seven heads". Isaiah 27:1 uses the first of these phrases to describe Leviathan (although in this case the name "Leviathan" may refer to an unnamed historical/political enemy of Israel rather than the original serpent-monster). In Psalm 104, Leviathan is not described as harmful in any way, but simply as a creature of the ocean, part of God's creation. It is possible that the authors of the Job 41:2–26, on the other hand, based the Leviathan on descriptions of Egyptian animal mythology where the crocodile is the enemy of the solar deity Horus (and is subdued either by Horus, or by the Pharaoh). This is in contrast to typical descriptions of the sea monster trope in terms of mythological combat.<ref name="google512"/>		In the Ugaritic texts Lotan, or possibly another of Yam's helpers, is given the epithets "wriggling serpent" and "mighty one with the seven heads". Isaiah 27:1 uses the first of these phrases to describe Leviathan (although in this case the name "Leviathan" may refer to an unnamed historical/political enemy of Israel rather than the original serpent-monster). In Psalm 104, Leviathan is not described as harmful in any way, but simply as a creature of the ocean, part of God's creation. It is possible that the authors of the Job 41:2–26, on the other hand, based the Leviathan on descriptions of Egyptian animal mythology where the crocodile is the enemy of the solar deity Horus (and is subdued either by Horus, or by the Pharaoh). This is in contrast to typical descriptions of the sea monster trope in terms of mythological combat.<ref name="google512"/>
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	When the Leviathan is hungry, reports Rabbi Dimi in the name of Rabbi Johanan, he sends forth from his mouth a heat so great as to make all the waters of the deep boil, and if he would put his head into Paradise no living creature could endure the odor of him (ib.). His abode is the Mediterranean Sea; and the waters of the Jordan fall into his mouth (Bek. 55b; B. B. l.c.).		When the Leviathan is hungry, reports Rabbi Dimi in the name of Rabbi Johanan, he sends forth from his mouth a heat so great as to make all the waters of the deep boil, and if he would put his head into Paradise no living creature could endure the odor of him (ib.). His abode is the Mediterranean Sea; and the waters of the Jordan fall into his mouth (Bek. 55b; B. B. l.c.).

	In a legend recorded in the Midrash called ''Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer'' it is stated that the fish which swallowed [[Jonah]] narrowly avoided being eaten by the Leviathan, which eats one whale each day.		In a legend recorded in the Midrash called ''Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer'' it is stated that the fish which swallowed Jonah narrowly avoided being eaten by the Leviathan, which eats one whale each day.

	The body of the Leviathan, especially his eyes, possesses great illuminating power. This was the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer, who, in the course of a voyage in company with Rabbi Joshua, explained to the latter, when frightened by the sudden appearance of a brilliant light, that it probably proceeded from the eyes of the Leviathan. He referred his companion to the words of Job xli. 18: "By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning" (B. B. l.c.). However, in spite of his supernatural strength, the leviathan is afraid of a small worm called "kilbit", which clings to the gills of large fish and kills them (Shab. 77b).<ref>{{cite web \|last=Hirsch \|first=Emil G. \|coauthors=Kaufmann Kohler, Solomon Schechter and Isaac Broydé \|title=Leviathan and Behemoth \|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=275&letter=L \|work=JewishEncyclopedia.com \|publisher= \|accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref>		The body of the Leviathan, especially his eyes, possesses great illuminating power. This was the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer, who, in the course of a voyage in company with Rabbi Joshua, explained to the latter, when frightened by the sudden appearance of a brilliant light, that it probably proceeded from the eyes of the Leviathan. He referred his companion to the words of Job xli. 18: "By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning" (B. B. l.c.). However, in spite of his supernatural strength, the leviathan is afraid of a small worm called "kilbit", which clings to the gills of large fish and kills them (Shab. 77b).<ref>{{cite web \|last=Hirsch \|first=Emil G. \|coauthors=Kaufmann Kohler, Solomon Schechter and Isaac Broydé \|title=Leviathan and Behemoth \|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=275&letter=L \|work=JewishEncyclopedia.com \|publisher= \|accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref>

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