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[[Category:Demon Names]]
[[Category:Demon Names]]
''For the Dungeons and Dragons deity named Asmodeus, see [[Asmodeus (Dungeons and Dragons)|Asmodeus (Dungeons and Dragons)]].''


Asmodai or Asmodeus (see below for other variations) is a demon mostly known from the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit. The demon is also mentioned in some Talmudic legends, for instance, in the story of the construction of the Temple of Solomon.
 
Spelling variations deriving from Asmodai/Asmodeus include Ashmadia, Ashmedai (Hebrew), Asmodaios-Ασμοδαίος (Greek), Asmoday, Asmodée (French), Asmodee, Asmodei, Ashmodei, Ashmodai, Asmodeios, Asmodeo (Spanish and Italian, from a Latin declination), Asmodeu (Portuguese), Asmodeius, Asmodi, Chammaday, Chashmodai, Sidonay, Sydonai.
'''Asmodeus''' (/ˌæzməˈdiːəs/; Greek: Ασμοδαίος, Asmodaios) or '''Ashmedai''' (/ˈæʃmɨˌdaɪ/; Hebrew: אַשְמְדּאָי‎, ʾAšmədʾāy; see below for other variations) is a king of demons<ref name=Brit>"Asmodeus" in ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 635.</ref> mostly known from the deutero-canonical Book of Tobit, in which he is the primary antagonist.<ref>{{cite web| date = 25 March 2003| title = Asmodeus/Asmoday| work = Judeo-Christian Demons| publisher = [http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/ Deliriumsrealm.com]| url = http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/97/asmodeus/| accessdate = 2009-03-04}}</ref> The demon is also mentioned in some Talmudic legends, for instance, in the story of the construction of the Temple of Solomon. He was supposed by some Renaissance Christians to be the King of the Nine Hells. Asmodeus also is referred to as one of the seven princes of [[Hell]]. In Binsfeld's classification of demons, each one of these princes represents one of the seven deadly sins (Lust, Gluttony, Greed, Sloth, Wrath, Envy, and Pride]. Asmodeus is the demon of lust and is therefore responsible for twisting people's sexual desires.
 
It is said in ''Asmodeus; Or, The Devil on Two Sticks'' that people who fall to Asmodeus' ways will be sentenced to an eternity in the second level of hell.<ref>[http://www.rookebooks.com/product?prod_id=22955] Asmodeus; Or, The Devil on Two Sticks By Alain Rene Le Sage - 1841 - London - Joseph Thomas</ref>




== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The name Asmodai is believed to derive from Avestan language *aēšma-daēva, where aēšma means "wrath", and daēva signifies " [[demon]] ". While the daēva Aēšma is thus Zoroastrianism's demon of wrath and is also well attested as such, the compound aēšma-daēva is not attested in scripture. It is nonetheless likely that such a form did exist, and that the Book of Tobit's "Asmodaios" (Ἀσμοδαῖος) and the Talmud's "Ashmedai" (אשמדאי) reflect it.
The name ''Asmodai'' is believed to derive from Avestan language ''*aēšma-daēva'', where ''aēšma'' means "wrath", and ''daēva'' signifies "demon" or "divine being". <!-- not originally, but "demon" will do in this context --> While the ''daēva'' Aēšma is thus Zoroastrianism's demon of wrath and is also well attested as such, the compound ''aēšma-daēva'' is not attested in scripture. It is nonetheless likely that such a form did exist, and that the Book of Tobit's "Asmodaios" ({{lang|grc|Ἀσμοδαῖος}}) and the Talmud's "Ashmedai" ({{lang|arc|אשמדאי}}) reflect it.<ref>{{cite book| last = Stave| first = Erik| editor = Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; et al.| origyear = 1901–1906| year = 2002| title = Jewish Encyclopedia| publisher = Funk & Wagnalls| location = New York| chapter = Æshma (Asmodeus, Ashmedai)| lccn = 16-014703| chapterurl = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=873&letter=A&search=asmodeus| accessdate = 24 June 2008}}</ref>
Although there are also functional parallels between Zoroastrianism's Aēšma and Judaism's Asmodai/Asmodeus, the linguistic relationship does not denote conceptual continuity. The two are mythologically and culturally distinct.
 
The spellings '''Asmodai''',<ref>{{cite book |last=Milton |first=John |title=Paradise Regained |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rZlNAAAAcAAJ |year=1671}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pomfret |first=John |title=Poems Upon Several Occasions |chapter=Cruelty and Lust |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Us8TAAAAQAAJ |year=1724 |publisher=D. Brown |location= |isbn= |page=73}}</ref> '''Asmodee''',<ref>{{cite book |last=Mauriac |first=François |title=Asmodee; or, The Intruder |year=1939 |publisher=Secker & Warburg }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kleu |first=Michael |first2=Madelene |title=Who Are You? |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g6Giy2CSu90C |year=2010 |publisher=Xulon Press |location=USA |isbn=978-1-61579-841-4 |page=214}}</ref> '''Osmodeus''',<ref>{{cite book |last=Connell |first=Evan S. |title=The Alchymist's Journal |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XbPpM4_hyngC |year=1992 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-016932-6 |page=110}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guppy |first=Henry |title=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |chapter=Tobit |volume=42 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tV4aAAAAMAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn= |page=375}}</ref> and '''Osmodai'''<ref>{{cite book |last=Garibay Mora |first=Ernesto |title=Dictionary of Demons and Related Concepts |url= |accessdate= |year=2005 |publisher=L. D. Books |location=Miami, Florida |isbn=970-732-108-3 |page=103}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nares |first=Robert |title=A Glossary of Words, Phrases, Names, and Allusions |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VK60AAAAIAAJ |year=1888 |publisher=Reeves & Turner |location=London |page=21}}</ref> have also been used. The name is alternatively spelled in the bastardized forms (based on the basic vowels אשמדאי, ʾŠMDʾY) '''Hashmedai''' (חַשְמְדּאָי, ''Hašmədʾāy''; also Hashmodai, Hasmodai, Chashmodai, Chasmodai),<ref>{{cite book |last=Association of Modern Austrian Philologists |title=Moderne Sprachen |volume=43 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=chYIAQAAIAAJ |year=1999 |page=63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ritchie |first=Leitch |title=The Magician |volume=Vol. I |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uS-wxAeo3i8C |year=1836 |publisher=Carey, Lea & Blanchard |location=Philadelphia |isbn= |page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=de Laurence |first=L. W. |title=The Great Book of Magical Art, Hindu Magic and East Indian Occultism |url= |accessdate= |year=1914 |publisher=The de Laurence Co. |location=Chicago |isbn= |page=183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=MacGregor Mathers |first=S. L. |title=The Book of the Sacred Magic |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tMgr4062BpkC |year=1458 |page=110}}</ref> '''Hammadai''' (חַמַּדּאָי, ''Hammadʾāy''; also Chammadai),<ref>{{cite book |last=Voltaire |first= |title=A Philosophical Dictionary |volume=1 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HwpJAQAAIAAJ |accessdate= |year=1824 |publisher=J. & H. L. Hunt |location=London |page=286}}</ref><ref name=Flax>{{cite book |last=Leland |first=Charles Godfrey |title=Flaxius: Leaves from the Life of an Immortal |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zhc1AAAAMAAJ |year=1902 |publisher=Philip Wellby |location=London |isbn= |page=72}}</ref> '''Shamdon''' (שַׁמְדּוֹנ, ''Šamdōn''),<ref name=AsmoJE>{{cite book |title=Jewish Encyclopedia |chapter=Asmodeus, or Ashmedai |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2019-asmodeus |accessdate=May 1, 2013 |year=1906 |publisher=Funk and Wagnalls}}</ref> and '''Sidonai''' (שִׁדֹנאָי, ''Šidonʾāy'').<ref name=Flax/> Some traditions have subsequently identified Shamdon as the father of Asmodeus.<ref name=AsmoJE/>
 
The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 refutes the otherwise accepted etymological relation between the Persian "Æshma-dæva" and Judaism's "Ashmodai" claiming that the particle "-dæva" could not have become "-dai" and that Æshma-dæva as such—a compound name—never appears in Persian sacred texts. Still, the encyclopedia proposes that the "Asmodeus" from the Apocrypha and the Testament of Solomon are not only related somewhat to Aeshma but have similar behaviour, appearance and roles,<ref>Jewish encyclopedia 1906 full text unedited version , entry "Asmodeus" paragraph "Asmodeus, Ashmedai, and Æshma."  http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2019-asmodeus</ref> to conclude in another article under the entry "Aeshma", in the paragraph "Influence of Persian Beliefs on Judaism"<ref>Jewish encyclopedia unedited full text 1906 version, entry "Aeshma" http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/873-aeshma-asmodeus-ashmedai</ref> that Persian Zoroastrian beliefs could have heavily influenced Judaism's theology on the long term, bearing in mind that in some texts there are crucial conceptual differences while in others there seems to be a great deal of similarity, proposing a pattern of influence over folk beliefs that would extend further to the mythology itself in general.
 
==In the Texts==
 
===In the Kabbalah===
According to the Kabbalah and the school of Rashba,  Asmodeus is a [[cambion]] born as the result of a union between [[Agrat Bat Mahlat]], a [[Succubus (Traditional)|succubus]], and King David.<ref>{{cite web| author = Humm, Alan| title = Kabbala: Lilith, Queen of the Demons| work = [http://www.lilithgallery.com/ The Lilith Gallery of Toronto]| publisher = Moffat, Charles Alexander| url = http://www.lilithgallery.com/library/lilith/Queen-of-the-Demons.html| accessdate = 2012-02-09}}</ref>
 
===In the Book of Tobit===
The Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit is attracted to Sarah, Raguel's daughter, and is not willing to let any husband possess her (Tobit 6:13); hence he slays seven successive husbands on their wedding nights, impeding the sexual consummation of the marriages. He is described as 'the worst of demons'. When the young Tobias is about to marry her, Asmodeus proposes the same fate for him, but Tobias is enabled, through the counsels of his attendant angel Raphael, to render him innocuous. By placing a fish's heart and liver on red-hot cinders, Tobias produces a smoky vapor that causes the demon to flee to Egypt, where Raphael binds him (Tobit 8:2-3). According to some translations Asmodeus is strangled.
 
Asmodeus would thus seem to be a demon characterized by carnal desire; but he is also described as an evil spirit in general: 'Ασμοδαίος τὸ πονηρὸν δαιμόνιον or τõ δαιμόνιον πονηρόν, and πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον (Tobit 3:8; Tobit 3:17; Tobit 6:13; Tobit 8:3). It is possible, moreover, that the statement (Tobit 6:14), "Asmodeus loved Sarah," implies that he was attracted not by women in general, but by Sarah specifically.
 
===In the Talmud===
The figure of Ashmedai in the Talmud is less malign in character than the Asmodeus of Tobit. In the former, he appears repeatedly in the light of a good-natured and humorous fellow. But besides that, there is one feature in which he parallels Asmodeus, inasmuch as his desires turn upon Solomon's wives and Bath-sheba. But even here, Ashmedai seems more like a Greek [[satyr]] than an evil demon.
 
Another Talmudic legend has King Solomon tricking Asmodai into collaborating in the construction of the Temple of Jerusalem.
 
Another legend depicts Asmodai throwing king Solomon over 400 leagues away from the capital by putting one wing on the ground and the other stretched skyward. He then changed places for some years with King Solomon. When King Solomon returned, Asmodai fled from his wrath.<ref>{{cite book|last=Talmud|title=Gittin|pages=68b}}</ref>
 
Another passage describes him as marrying [[Lilith]], who became his queen.<ref>{{cite book| last = Schwartz| first = Howard| year = 1988| title = Lilith's cave: Jewish tales of the supernatural| publisher = Harper & Row| location = San Francisco, CA| page = 8| isbn = 978-0-06-250779-2| oclc = 62241318| lccn = 87045196}}</ref>
 
He has also been recorded as the off-spring of the union between Adam and the angel of prostitution, [[Naamah]], conceived while Adam was married to [[Lilith]].
 
===In the Testament of Solomon===
In the ''Testament of Solomon'', a 1st–3rd century text, the king invokes Asmodeus to aid in the construction of the Temple. The demon appears and predicts Solomon's kingdom will one day be divided (Testament of Solomon, verse 21–25).<ref>{{cite journal| last = Conybeare| first = Frederick Cornwallis (trans.)|date=October 1898| title = The Testament of Solomon| journal = The Jewish Quarterly Review| volume = 11| issue = 1| pages = 1–45| jstor = 1450398| url = http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/testamen.htm}}</ref> When Solomon interrogates Asmodeus further, the king learns that Asmodeus is thwarted by the angel Raphael, as well as by sheatfish found in the rivers of Assyria. He also admits to hating water and birds because both remind him of God.
 
===In the ''Malleus Maleficarum''===
In the ''Malleus Maleficarum'' (1486), Asmodeus was considered the demon of lust.<ref>
{{cite book| last1 = Kramer| first1 = Heinrich| last2 = Summers| first2 = Montague (trans.)| origyear = 1486| year = 1928| title = Malleus Maleficarum| publisher = John Rodker| location = London, England| volume = 1| chapter = Question IV: By which Devils are the Operations of Incubus and Succubus Practised?| oclc = 504248484| lccn = 29017069| chapterurl = http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/mm01_04a.htm| quote = But the very devil of Fornication, and the chief of that abomination, is called Asmodeus, which means the Creature of Judgement: for because of this kind of sin a terrible judgement was executed upon Sodom and the four other cities.}}</ref> Sebastien Michaelis said that his adversary is St. John. Some demonologists of the 16th century assigned a month to a demon and considered November to be the month in which Asmodai's power was strongest. Other demonologists asserted that his zodiacal sign was Aquarius but only between the dates of January 30 and February 8.
 
He has 72 legions of demons under his command. He is one of the Kings of Hell under [[Lucifer]] the emperor. He incites gambling, and is the overseer of all the gambling houses in the court of Hell. Some Catholic theologians compared him with Abaddon. Yet other authors considered Asmodeus a prince of revenge.
 
===In the ''Dictionnaire Infernal''===
In the ''Dictionnaire Infernal'' by Collin de Plancy, Asmodeus is depicted with the breast of a man, a cock leg, serpent tail, three heads (one of a man spitting fire, one of a sheep, and one of a bull), riding a lion with dragon wings and neck, all of these animals being associated with either lascivity, lust or revenge. The Archbishop of Paris approved his portrait.
 
===In the Lesser Key of Solomon===
Asmodai appears as the king 'Asmoday' in the Ars Goetia, where he is said to have a seal in gold and is listed as number thirty-two according to respective rank.


== In the texts ==
He "is strong, powerful and appears with three heads; the first is like a bull, the second like a man, and the third like a ram; the tail of a serpent, and from his mouth issue flames of fire." Also, he sits upon an infernal dragon, holds a lance with a banner and, amongst the Legions of ''Amaymon'', Asmoday governs seventy two legions of inferior spirits.


== In the Book of Tobit ==
===In The Magus===
The Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit is attracted by Sarah, Raguel's daughter, and is not willing to let any husband possess her (Tobit, vi.13); hence he slays seven successive husbands on their wedding-nights, thus impeding the consummation of the sexual act. When the young Tobias is about to marry her, Asmodeus purposes the same fate for him; but Tobias is enabled, through the counsels of his attendant angel Raphael, to render him innocuous. By placing a fish's heart and liver on red-hot cinders, Tobias produces a smoky vapor which causes the demon to flee to Egypt, where Raphael binds him (viii.2, 3).
Asmodeus is referred to in Book Two, Chapter Eight of The Magus (1801) by Francis Barrett.<ref>{{cite book| last = Barrett| first = Francis| editor =| origyear = 1801| year = 2008| title = The Magus, a Complete System of Occult Philosophy| publisher = Cosimo Classics| location = New York| volume = Book II| chapter = VIII: The Annoyance of Evil Spirits, and the Preservation we have from Good Spirits| pages = 49–52| isbn = 978-1-60520-301-0| oclc = 428109956| lccn = 11015009| chapterurl = http://theology101.org/grim/magus/ma220.htm| accessdate = 2010-09-28}}</ref>


Asmodeus would thus seem to be a [[demon]] characterized by carnal desire; but he is also described as an evil spirit in general: 'Ασμοδαίος τὸ πονηρὸν δαιμόνιον or τõ δαιμόνιον πονηρόν, and πνεῦμα ἀκάϑαρτον (iii.8, 17; vi.13; viii.3). It is possible, moreover, that the statement (vi.14), "Asmodeus loved Sarah," implies that he was attracted not by women in general, but by Sarah only.


== In the Talmud ==
==Later Depictions==
The figure of Ashmedai in the Talmud is less harmful in character than Tobit's Asmodeus. In the former, he appears repeatedly in the light of a good-natured and humorous fellow. But besides that, there is one feature in which he parallels Asmodeus, inasmuch as his desires turn upon Solomon's wives and Bath-sheba. But even here, Ashmedai seems more comparable to a Greek satyr, rather than to an evil demon.
Asmodeus was named as an angel of the Order of Thrones by Gregory the Great.


Another Talmudic legend has King Solomon tricking Asmodai into collaborating in the construction of the temple of Jerusalem. In yet another legend Asmodai changed place for some years with King Solomon. An aggadic narrative describes him as the king of all the shades (Pesachim 109b-112a). Another passage describes him as marrying Lilith, who became his queen.[1]
Asmodeus was cited by the nuns of Loudun in the Loudun possessions of 1634.<ref>{{cite book| last = Dumas| first = Alexandre| year = 1634| title = Urbain Grandier| series = Celebrated Crimes| chapter = Urbain Grandier: Chapter V| chapterurl = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Urbain_Grandier,_Celebrated_Crimes#CHAPTER_V| url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Urbain_Grandier,_Celebrated_Crimes}}</ref>


It is also stated that he was the off-spring of the union between Adam and the angel of prostitution, Naamah, conceived whilst Adam was married to Lilith.
Asmodeus' reputation as the personification of lust continued into later writings, as he was known as the "Prince of Lechery" in the 16th century romance ''Friar Rush''. The French Benedictine Augustin Calmet equated his name with fine dress. The 16th century Dutch demonologist Johann Weyer described him as the banker at the baccarat table in hell, and overseer of earthly gambling houses.


== In the Testament of Solomon ==
In 1641, the Spanish playwright and novelist Luis Velez de Guevara published the satirical novel ''El diablo cojuelo'', where Asmodeus is represented as a mischievous demon endowed with a playful and satirical genius. The plot presents a rascal student that hides in an astrologer's mansard. He frees a devil from a bottle. As an acknowledgement the devil shows him the apartments of Madrid and the tricks, miseries and mischiefs of their inhabitants.<ref>Luis Vélez de Guevara</ref><ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624832/Luis-Velez-de-Guevara</ref> The French novelist Alain-René Lesage adapted the Spanish source in his 1707 novel ''le Diable boiteux'', where he likened him to Cupid.  In the book, he is rescued from an enchanted glass bottle by a Spanish student Don Cleophas Leandro Zambullo. Grateful, he joins with the young man on a series of adventures before being recaptured. Asmodeus is portrayed in a sympathetic light as good-natured, and a canny satirist and critic of human society. In another episode Asmodeus takes Don Cleophas for a night flight, and removes the roofs from the houses of a village to show him the secrets of what passes in private lives. Following Lesage's work, he was depicted in a number of novels and periodicals, mainly in France but also London and New York.
In the Testament of Solomon, a 1st-3rd century text, the king invokes Asmodeus to aid in the construction of the Temple. The [[demon]] appears and predicts Solomon's kingdom will one day be divided (Testament of Solomon 5:4-5). When Solomon interrogated Asmodeus further, the king learns that Asmodeus is thwarted by the angel Raphael, as well as by sheatfish found in the rivers of Assyria. He also admits to hating water.


== In the Malleus Maleficarum ==
Asmodeus was widely depicted as having a handsome visage, good manners and an engaging nature; however, he was portrayed as walking with a limp and one leg was either clawed or that of a rooster. He walks aided by two walking sticks in Lesage's work, and this gave rise to the English title ''The Devil on Two Sticks'' (also later translated ''The Limping Devil'' and ''The Lame Devil''). Lesage attributes his lameness to falling from the sky after fighting with another devil.
In the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), Asmodai was considered the demon of lust, to which agreed Sebastian Michaelis saying that his adversary is St. John. Some demonologists of the 16th century assigned each month to a demon and considered November to be the month in which Asmodai's power was stronger. Other demonologists asserted that his zodiacal sign was Aquarius but only between the dates of January 30th and February 8th.
He has seventy-two legions of demons under his command. He is one of the Kings of Hell under Lucifer the emperor. He incites gambling, and is the overseer of all the gambling houses in the court of Hell. Some Catholic theologians compared him with Abaddon. Yet other authors considered Asmodai a prince of revenge.


== In the Dictionnaire Infernal ==
In the film ''Gabriel'', Asmodeus is shown as a very handsome owner of a brothel in Purgatory, where a fallen angel is forced to work. He's disfigured one of the workers, til she looks like him. He also blows up the soup kitchen, just before the final confrontation between Gabriel (Andy Whitfield) and Sammael/ Michael. He's portrayed by the Australian actor Michael Piccerilli.
In the Dictionnaire Infernal by Collin de Plancy, Asmodai is depicted with the breast of a man, cock legs, serpent tail, three heads (one of a man spitting fire, one of a sheep, and one of a bull), riding a lion with dragon wings and neck, all of these animals being associated with either lascivity, lust or revenge.


== In the Lesser Key of Solomon ==
On 18 February 1865, author Evert A. Duyckinck sent President Abraham Lincoln a letter, apparently mailed from Quincy.  Duyckinck signed the letter “Asmodeus”, with his initials below his pseudonym.  His letter enclosed a newspaper clipping about an inappropriate joke allegedly told by Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Peace Conference.  The purpose of Duyckinck’s letter was to advise Lincoln of “an important omission” about the history of the conference.  He advised that the newspaper clipping be added to the “Archives of the Nation”.<ref>Duyckinck, Evert A. "Evert A. Duyckinck to Abraham Lincoln, Saturday, February 18, 1865 (Sends clipping with story Lincoln allegedly told at Hampton Roads conference)." The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/malquery.html (accessed February 3, 2013).</ref>
Asmodai appears as the king 'Asmoday' in the Ars Goetia, where he is said to have a seal in gold and is listed as number thirty-two according to respective rank.[2]


He "is strong, powerful and appears with three heads; the first is like a bull, the second like a man, and the third like a ram; the tail of a serpent, and from his mouth issue flames of fire."[2] Also, he sits upon an infernal dragon, holds a lance with a banner and, amongst the Legions of Amaymon, Asmoday governs seventy two legions of inferior spirits.[2]


==References and Sources==
;References
{{reflist|2}}
;Sources
*Rudwin, Maximilian Josef (1970) [1931]. "Asmodeus, dandy among demons". ''The Devil in Legend and Literature''. New York: AMS Press Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-404-05451-9. LCCN 71111780. OCLC 257946679.
*Mathers, Samuel Liddell MacGregor (trans.); Crowley, Aleister (1995) [1904]. ''The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King''. Samuel Weiser, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87728-847-3. LCCN 95037057. OCLC 33044028.


== References ==
1 p. 8 of Lilith's Cave: Jewish tales of the supernatural, by Howard Schwartz (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988)


2 a b c MacGregor, Mathers (trans.) (1995), Crowley, Aleister & Liddell, Samuel, eds., The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King, York Beach: Samuel Weiser, ISBN 0-87728-847-X
==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmodeus The original source of this article at Wikipedia]

Latest revision as of 10:59, 2 September 2014

For the Dungeons and Dragons deity named Asmodeus, see Asmodeus (Dungeons and Dragons).


Asmodeus (/ˌæzməˈdiːəs/; Greek: Ασμοδαίος, Asmodaios) or Ashmedai (/ˈæʃmɨˌdaɪ/; Hebrew: אַשְמְדּאָי‎, ʾAšmədʾāy; see below for other variations) is a king of demons[1] mostly known from the deutero-canonical Book of Tobit, in which he is the primary antagonist.[2] The demon is also mentioned in some Talmudic legends, for instance, in the story of the construction of the Temple of Solomon. He was supposed by some Renaissance Christians to be the King of the Nine Hells. Asmodeus also is referred to as one of the seven princes of Hell. In Binsfeld's classification of demons, each one of these princes represents one of the seven deadly sins (Lust, Gluttony, Greed, Sloth, Wrath, Envy, and Pride]. Asmodeus is the demon of lust and is therefore responsible for twisting people's sexual desires.

It is said in Asmodeus; Or, The Devil on Two Sticks that people who fall to Asmodeus' ways will be sentenced to an eternity in the second level of hell.[3]


Etymology

The name Asmodai is believed to derive from Avestan language *aēšma-daēva, where aēšma means "wrath", and daēva signifies "demon" or "divine being". While the daēva Aēšma is thus Zoroastrianism's demon of wrath and is also well attested as such, the compound aēšma-daēva is not attested in scripture. It is nonetheless likely that such a form did exist, and that the Book of Tobit's "Asmodaios" (Ἀσμοδαῖος) and the Talmud's "Ashmedai" (אשמדאי) reflect it.[4]

The spellings Asmodai,[5][6] Asmodee,[7][8] Osmodeus,[9][10] and Osmodai[11][12] have also been used. The name is alternatively spelled in the bastardized forms (based on the basic vowels אשמדאי, ʾŠMDʾY) Hashmedai (חַשְמְדּאָי, Hašmədʾāy; also Hashmodai, Hasmodai, Chashmodai, Chasmodai),[13][14][15][16] Hammadai (חַמַּדּאָי, Hammadʾāy; also Chammadai),[17][18] Shamdon (שַׁמְדּוֹנ, Šamdōn),[19] and Sidonai (שִׁדֹנאָי, Šidonʾāy).[18] Some traditions have subsequently identified Shamdon as the father of Asmodeus.[19]

The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 refutes the otherwise accepted etymological relation between the Persian "Æshma-dæva" and Judaism's "Ashmodai" claiming that the particle "-dæva" could not have become "-dai" and that Æshma-dæva as such—a compound name—never appears in Persian sacred texts. Still, the encyclopedia proposes that the "Asmodeus" from the Apocrypha and the Testament of Solomon are not only related somewhat to Aeshma but have similar behaviour, appearance and roles,[20] to conclude in another article under the entry "Aeshma", in the paragraph "Influence of Persian Beliefs on Judaism"[21] that Persian Zoroastrian beliefs could have heavily influenced Judaism's theology on the long term, bearing in mind that in some texts there are crucial conceptual differences while in others there seems to be a great deal of similarity, proposing a pattern of influence over folk beliefs that would extend further to the mythology itself in general.

In the Texts

In the Kabbalah

According to the Kabbalah and the school of Rashba, Asmodeus is a cambion born as the result of a union between Agrat Bat Mahlat, a succubus, and King David.[22]

In the Book of Tobit

The Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit is attracted to Sarah, Raguel's daughter, and is not willing to let any husband possess her (Tobit 6:13); hence he slays seven successive husbands on their wedding nights, impeding the sexual consummation of the marriages. He is described as 'the worst of demons'. When the young Tobias is about to marry her, Asmodeus proposes the same fate for him, but Tobias is enabled, through the counsels of his attendant angel Raphael, to render him innocuous. By placing a fish's heart and liver on red-hot cinders, Tobias produces a smoky vapor that causes the demon to flee to Egypt, where Raphael binds him (Tobit 8:2-3). According to some translations Asmodeus is strangled.

Asmodeus would thus seem to be a demon characterized by carnal desire; but he is also described as an evil spirit in general: 'Ασμοδαίος τὸ πονηρὸν δαιμόνιον or τõ δαιμόνιον πονηρόν, and πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον (Tobit 3:8; Tobit 3:17; Tobit 6:13; Tobit 8:3). It is possible, moreover, that the statement (Tobit 6:14), "Asmodeus loved Sarah," implies that he was attracted not by women in general, but by Sarah specifically.

In the Talmud

The figure of Ashmedai in the Talmud is less malign in character than the Asmodeus of Tobit. In the former, he appears repeatedly in the light of a good-natured and humorous fellow. But besides that, there is one feature in which he parallels Asmodeus, inasmuch as his desires turn upon Solomon's wives and Bath-sheba. But even here, Ashmedai seems more like a Greek satyr than an evil demon.

Another Talmudic legend has King Solomon tricking Asmodai into collaborating in the construction of the Temple of Jerusalem.

Another legend depicts Asmodai throwing king Solomon over 400 leagues away from the capital by putting one wing on the ground and the other stretched skyward. He then changed places for some years with King Solomon. When King Solomon returned, Asmodai fled from his wrath.[23]

Another passage describes him as marrying Lilith, who became his queen.[24]

He has also been recorded as the off-spring of the union between Adam and the angel of prostitution, Naamah, conceived while Adam was married to Lilith.

In the Testament of Solomon

In the Testament of Solomon, a 1st–3rd century text, the king invokes Asmodeus to aid in the construction of the Temple. The demon appears and predicts Solomon's kingdom will one day be divided (Testament of Solomon, verse 21–25).[25] When Solomon interrogates Asmodeus further, the king learns that Asmodeus is thwarted by the angel Raphael, as well as by sheatfish found in the rivers of Assyria. He also admits to hating water and birds because both remind him of God.

In the Malleus Maleficarum

In the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), Asmodeus was considered the demon of lust.[26] Sebastien Michaelis said that his adversary is St. John. Some demonologists of the 16th century assigned a month to a demon and considered November to be the month in which Asmodai's power was strongest. Other demonologists asserted that his zodiacal sign was Aquarius but only between the dates of January 30 and February 8.

He has 72 legions of demons under his command. He is one of the Kings of Hell under Lucifer the emperor. He incites gambling, and is the overseer of all the gambling houses in the court of Hell. Some Catholic theologians compared him with Abaddon. Yet other authors considered Asmodeus a prince of revenge.

In the Dictionnaire Infernal

In the Dictionnaire Infernal by Collin de Plancy, Asmodeus is depicted with the breast of a man, a cock leg, serpent tail, three heads (one of a man spitting fire, one of a sheep, and one of a bull), riding a lion with dragon wings and neck, all of these animals being associated with either lascivity, lust or revenge. The Archbishop of Paris approved his portrait.

In the Lesser Key of Solomon

Asmodai appears as the king 'Asmoday' in the Ars Goetia, where he is said to have a seal in gold and is listed as number thirty-two according to respective rank.

He "is strong, powerful and appears with three heads; the first is like a bull, the second like a man, and the third like a ram; the tail of a serpent, and from his mouth issue flames of fire." Also, he sits upon an infernal dragon, holds a lance with a banner and, amongst the Legions of Amaymon, Asmoday governs seventy two legions of inferior spirits.

In The Magus

Asmodeus is referred to in Book Two, Chapter Eight of The Magus (1801) by Francis Barrett.[27]


Later Depictions

Asmodeus was named as an angel of the Order of Thrones by Gregory the Great.

Asmodeus was cited by the nuns of Loudun in the Loudun possessions of 1634.[28]

Asmodeus' reputation as the personification of lust continued into later writings, as he was known as the "Prince of Lechery" in the 16th century romance Friar Rush. The French Benedictine Augustin Calmet equated his name with fine dress. The 16th century Dutch demonologist Johann Weyer described him as the banker at the baccarat table in hell, and overseer of earthly gambling houses.

In 1641, the Spanish playwright and novelist Luis Velez de Guevara published the satirical novel El diablo cojuelo, where Asmodeus is represented as a mischievous demon endowed with a playful and satirical genius. The plot presents a rascal student that hides in an astrologer's mansard. He frees a devil from a bottle. As an acknowledgement the devil shows him the apartments of Madrid and the tricks, miseries and mischiefs of their inhabitants.[29][30] The French novelist Alain-René Lesage adapted the Spanish source in his 1707 novel le Diable boiteux, where he likened him to Cupid. In the book, he is rescued from an enchanted glass bottle by a Spanish student Don Cleophas Leandro Zambullo. Grateful, he joins with the young man on a series of adventures before being recaptured. Asmodeus is portrayed in a sympathetic light as good-natured, and a canny satirist and critic of human society. In another episode Asmodeus takes Don Cleophas for a night flight, and removes the roofs from the houses of a village to show him the secrets of what passes in private lives. Following Lesage's work, he was depicted in a number of novels and periodicals, mainly in France but also London and New York.

Asmodeus was widely depicted as having a handsome visage, good manners and an engaging nature; however, he was portrayed as walking with a limp and one leg was either clawed or that of a rooster. He walks aided by two walking sticks in Lesage's work, and this gave rise to the English title The Devil on Two Sticks (also later translated The Limping Devil and The Lame Devil). Lesage attributes his lameness to falling from the sky after fighting with another devil.

In the film Gabriel, Asmodeus is shown as a very handsome owner of a brothel in Purgatory, where a fallen angel is forced to work. He's disfigured one of the workers, til she looks like him. He also blows up the soup kitchen, just before the final confrontation between Gabriel (Andy Whitfield) and Sammael/ Michael. He's portrayed by the Australian actor Michael Piccerilli.

On 18 February 1865, author Evert A. Duyckinck sent President Abraham Lincoln a letter, apparently mailed from Quincy. Duyckinck signed the letter “Asmodeus”, with his initials below his pseudonym. His letter enclosed a newspaper clipping about an inappropriate joke allegedly told by Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Peace Conference. The purpose of Duyckinck’s letter was to advise Lincoln of “an important omission” about the history of the conference. He advised that the newspaper clipping be added to the “Archives of the Nation”.[31]


References and Sources

References
  1. ↑ "Asmodeus" in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 635.
  2. ↑ "Asmodeus/Asmoday". Judeo-Christian Demons. Deliriumsrealm.com. 25 March 2003. http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/97/asmodeus/. Retrieved 2009-03-04. 
  3. ↑ [1] Asmodeus; Or, The Devil on Two Sticks By Alain Rene Le Sage - 1841 - London - Joseph Thomas
  4. ↑ Stave, Erik [1901–1906] (2002). “Æshma (Asmodeus, Ashmedai)”, Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; et al. Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.
  5. ↑ Milton, John (1671). Paradise Regained.
  6. ↑ Pomfret, John (1724). “Cruelty and Lust”, Poems Upon Several Occasions. D. Brown.
  7. ↑ Mauriac, François (1939). Asmodee; or, The Intruder. Secker & Warburg.
  8. ↑ Kleu, Michael (2010). Who Are You?. USA: Xulon Press.
  9. ↑ Connell, Evan S. (1992). The Alchymist's Journal. Penguin Books.
  10. ↑ Guppy, Henry (1960). “Tobit”, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. Manchester University Press.
  11. ↑ Garibay Mora, Ernesto (2005). Dictionary of Demons and Related Concepts. Miami, Florida: L. D. Books.
  12. ↑ Nares, Robert (1888). A Glossary of Words, Phrases, Names, and Allusions. London: Reeves & Turner.
  13. ↑ Association of Modern Austrian Philologists (1999). Moderne Sprachen.
  14. ↑ Ritchie, Leitch (1836). The Magician. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard.
  15. ↑ de Laurence, L. W. (1914). The Great Book of Magical Art, Hindu Magic and East Indian Occultism. Chicago: The de Laurence Co..
  16. ↑ MacGregor Mathers, S. L. (1458). The Book of the Sacred Magic.
  17. ↑ Voltaire (1824). A Philosophical Dictionary. London: J. & H. L. Hunt.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Leland, Charles Godfrey (1902). Flaxius: Leaves from the Life of an Immortal. London: Philip Wellby.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 (1906) “Asmodeus, or Ashmedai”, Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls. Retrieved on May 1, 2013.
  20. ↑ Jewish encyclopedia 1906 full text unedited version , entry "Asmodeus" paragraph "Asmodeus, Ashmedai, and Æshma." http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2019-asmodeus
  21. ↑ Jewish encyclopedia unedited full text 1906 version, entry "Aeshma" http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/873-aeshma-asmodeus-ashmedai
  22. ↑ Humm, Alan. "Kabbala: Lilith, Queen of the Demons". The Lilith Gallery of Toronto. Moffat, Charles Alexander. http://www.lilithgallery.com/library/lilith/Queen-of-the-Demons.html. Retrieved 2012-02-09. 
  23. ↑ Talmud. Gittin, 68b.
  24. ↑ Schwartz, Howard (1988). Lilith's cave: Jewish tales of the supernatural. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
  25. ↑ Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis (trans.) (October 1898). "The Testament of Solomon". The Jewish Quarterly Review 11 (1): 1–45. 
  26. ↑ [1486] (1928) “Question IV: By which Devils are the Operations of Incubus and Succubus Practised?”, Malleus Maleficarum. London, England: John Rodker. “But the very devil of Fornication, and the chief of that abomination, is called Asmodeus, which means the Creature of Judgement: for because of this kind of sin a terrible judgement was executed upon Sodom and the four other cities.”
  27. ↑ Barrett, Francis [1801] (2008). “VIII: The Annoyance of Evil Spirits, and the Preservation we have from Good Spirits”, The Magus, a Complete System of Occult Philosophy, 49–52, New York: Cosimo Classics. Retrieved on 2010-09-28.
  28. ↑ Dumas, Alexandre (1634). “Urbain Grandier: Chapter V”, Urbain Grandier.
  29. ↑ Luis Vélez de Guevara
  30. ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624832/Luis-Velez-de-Guevara
  31. ↑ Duyckinck, Evert A. "Evert A. Duyckinck to Abraham Lincoln, Saturday, February 18, 1865 (Sends clipping with story Lincoln allegedly told at Hampton Roads conference)." The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/malquery.html (accessed February 3, 2013).
Sources
  • Rudwin, Maximilian Josef (1970) [1931]. "Asmodeus, dandy among demons". The Devil in Legend and Literature. New York: AMS Press Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-404-05451-9. LCCN 71111780. OCLC 257946679.
  • Mathers, Samuel Liddell MacGregor (trans.); Crowley, Aleister (1995) [1904]. The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King. Samuel Weiser, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87728-847-3. LCCN 95037057. OCLC 33044028.


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