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[[Category:Definitions]]
[[Category:Deities, Spirits, and Mythic Beings‏‎]]
[[Category:Demon Names]]
''For other uses of the word Incubus, see [[Incubus (disambiguation)]].''


''For the Collective IncubI, see [[Incubi (Collective)]]''


''For other uses of the word [[Incubus]], see [[Incubus (disambiguation)]].''


[[Image:Incubus.jpg|thumb|right|300px|''Incubus'', 1870]]
An '''incubus''' (from the Latin, ''incubo,'' or "nightmare"; plural ''incubi'') is a [[demon]] in male form who, according to a number of mythological and legendary traditions, lies upon sleepers, especially women, in order to have sex with them. Its female counterpart is the ''[[succubus]]''. An incubus may pursue sexual relations with a woman in order to father a child, as in the legend of Merlin.<ref>Merlin's father was said to be an incubus in Geoffrey of Monmouth's ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' and many later tales. See Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "Merlin". In Norris J. Lacy, ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', p. 322. (New York: Garland, 1991). ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.</ref> Religious tradition holds that repeated intercourse with an incubus or succubus may result in the deterioration of health, or even death.<ref>Stephens, Walter (2002), ''Demon Lovers'', p. 23, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-266-77261-6</ref>


Medieval legend claims that demons both male and female sexually prey on human beings, generally during the night when the victim is sleeping.


==Origins==
A number of secular explanations have been offered for the origin of the incubus legends. They involve the medieval preoccupation with [[sin]], especially sexual sins of women. Victims may have been experiencing waking dreams or [[sleep paralysis]]. Also, nocturnal arousal, orgasm or [[nocturnal emission]] could be explained by the idea of creatures causing an otherwise guilt-producing and self-conscious behavior.<ref name="AZ">Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), ''Angels A to Z'', Entry: '''Incubi and Succubi''', pp. 218, 219, Visible Ink Press, ISBN 0-7876-0652-9</ref> Alternatively, the influence of incubi could also have been invoked to explain otherwise "unexplainable" pregnancies out of wedlock.
Purported victims of incubi could have been the victims of sexual assault by a real person. Rapists may have attributed the rapes of sleeping women to demons in order to escape punishment. A friend or relative may have assaulted the victim in her sleep. The victims and, in some cases the clergy,<ref name="Masello">Masello, Robert (2004), ''Fallen Angels and Spirits of The Dark'', p. 66, The Berkley Publishing Group, 200 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016, ISBN 0-399-51889-4</ref> may have found it easier to explain the attack as supernatural rather than confront the idea that the attack came from someone in a position of trust.




{{Other uses}}
===Ancient and religious descriptions===
{{Cleanup|date=August 2009}}
One of the earliest mentions of an incubus comes from Mesopotamia on the Sumerian King List, ca. 2400 BC, where the hero Gilgamesh's father is listed as [[Lilu]].<ref>Raphael Patai, p. 221, The Hebrew Goddess: Third Enlarged Edition, ISBN 978-0-8143-2271-0</ref> It is said that Lilu disturbs and seduces women in their sleep, while [[Lilitu]], a female demon, appears to men in their erotic dreams.<ref>Siegmund Hurwitz, Lilith: The First Eve ISBN 978-3-85630-522-2</ref> Two other corresponding demons appear as well: Ardat lili, who visits men by night and begets ghostly children from them, and Irdu lili, who is known as a male counterpart to Ardat lili and visits women by night and begets from them. These demons were originally storm demons, but they eventually became regarded as night demons due to mistaken etymology.<ref>Raphael Patai, p. 221 & 222, The Hebrew Goddess: Third Enlarged Edition, ISBN 978-0-8143-2271-0</ref>
[[Image:Incubus.jpg|thumb|''Incubus'', 1870]]
An '''incubus''' (from the Latin, ''incubo,'' or "[[nightmare]]"; plural ''incubi'') is a [[demon]] in male form who, according to a number of mythological and legendary traditions, lies upon sleepers, especially women, in order to have sex with them. Its female counterpart is the ''[[succubus]]''. An incubus may pursue sexual relations with a woman in order to father a child, as in the legend of [[Merlin]].<ref>Merlin's father was said to be an incubus in [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' and many later tales. See [[Norris J. Lacy|Lacy, Norris J.]] (1991). "Merlin". In Norris J. Lacy, ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', p. 322. (New York: Garland, 1991). ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.</ref> Religious tradition holds that repeated intercourse with an incubus or succubus may result in the deterioration of health, or even death.<ref>Stephens, Walter (2002), ''Demon Lovers'', p. 23, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-266-77261-6</ref>


[[Middle Ages|Medieval]] legend claims that demons both male and female sexually prey on human beings, generally during the night when the victim is sleeping.
Debate about the demons began early in the Christian tradition. St. Augustine touched on the topic in "De Civitate Dei" (The City of God), admitting that there were too many attacks by incubi to deny them. He stated, "There is, too, a very general rumor, which many have verified by their own experience, or which trustworthy persons who have heard the experience of others corroborate, that sylvans and fauns, who are commonly called incubi, had often made wicked assaults upon women."<ref>Augustine (410), "The City of God 15.23",[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.html.com "The City of God]</ref> However, despite this affirmation, questions continued about the reproductive capabilities of the demons. 800 years later Thomas Aquinas would lend himself to the ongoing discussion, stating, "Still if some are occasionally begotten from demons, it is not from the seed of such demons, nor from their assumed bodies, but from the seed of men taken for the purpose; as when the demon assumes first the form of a woman, and afterwards of a man; just as they take the seed of other things for other generating purposes."<ref>Aquinus, Thomas (1265–1274), "Summa Theologica", [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.FP_Q51_A3.html "Summa Theologica"]</ref> Thus it became generally accepted that incubi and succubi were the same demon, but able to switch between male and female forms.<ref>Carus, Paul (1900), ''The History of The Devil and The Idea of Evil From The Earliest Times to The Present Day'', [http://www.sacred-texts.com/evil/hod/hod15.htm "The Devil's Prime,"] at [http://www.sacred-texts.com sacred-texts.com]</ref> A succubus would be able to sleep with a man and collect his sperm, and then transform into an incubus and use that seed on women. Their offspring were thought to be supernatural in many cases, even if the sperm and egg originally came from humans.<ref name="AZ"/>
 
Though many tales claim that the incubus is bisexual,<ref name="wima">Russsel, Jeffrey Burton (1972), ''Witchcraft in The Middle Ages'', p. 145, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, ISBN 0-8014-0697-8</ref> others indicate that it is strictly heterosexual and finds attacking a male victim either unpleasant or detrimental.<ref>Stephens, Walter (2002), ''Demon Lovers'', pp. 54, 55, 332, 333, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-266-77261-6</ref> There are also numerous stories involving the attempted exorcism of incubi or succubi who have taken refuge in, respectively, the bodies of men or women.
 
Incubi are sometimes said to be able to conceive children. The half-human offspring of such a union is sometimes referred to as a [[cambion]]. The most famous legend of such a case includes that of Merlin, the famous wizard from Arthurian legend.<ref name="Masello"/>
 
According to the ''[[Malleus Maleficarum]]'', exorcism is one of the five ways to overcome the attacks of incubi, the others being Sacramental Confession, the Sign of the Cross (or recital of the Angelic Salutation), moving the afflicted to another location, and by excommunication of the attacking entity, "which is perhaps the same as exorcism."<ref>Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger, James (1486), Summers, Montague (translator&nbsp;– 1928), ''The Malleus Maleficarum'', Part 2, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/mm02b01a.htm Chapter 1], "The Remedies prescribed by the Holy Church against Incubus and Succubus Devils," at [http://www.sacred-texts.com sacred-texts.com]</ref> On the other hand, the Franciscan friar Ludovico Maria Sinistrari stated that incubi "do not obey exorcists, have no dread of exorcisms, show no reverence for holy things, at the approach of which they are not in the least overawed."<ref name="Masello"/>


==Origins==
A number of [[Wikt:secular#Adjective|secular]] explanations have been offered for the origin of the incubus legends. They involve the medieval preoccupation with [[sin]], especially sexual sins of women.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} Victims may have been experiencing waking dreams or [[sleep paralysis]]. Also, nocturnal arousal, [[orgasm]] or [[nocturnal emission]] could be explained by the idea of creatures causing an otherwise guilt-producing and self-conscious behavior.<ref name="AZ">Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), ''Angels A to Z'', Entry: '''Incubi and Succubi''', pp. 218, 219, Visible Ink Press, ISBN 0-7876-0652-9</ref> Alternatively, the influence of incubi could also have been invoked to explain otherwise "unexplainable" pregnancies out of wedlock.


Purported victims of incubi could have been the victims of sexual assault by a real person. Rapists may have attributed the [[rape]]s of sleeping women to demons in order to escape punishment. A friend or relative may have assaulted the victim in her sleep. The victims and, in some cases the clergy,<ref name="Masello">Masello, Robert (2004), ''Fallen Angels and Spirits of The Dark'', p. 66, The Berkley Publishing Group, 200 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016, ISBN 0-399-51889-4</ref> may have found it easier to explain the attack as supernatural rather than confront the idea that the attack came from someone in a position of trust.
===Regional variations===
There are a number of variations on the incubus theme around the world. The [[alp]] of Teutonic or German folklore is one of the better known. In Zanzibar, Popo Bawa primarily attacks men and generally behind closed doors.<ref>Maclean, William (Reuters, May 16, 2005), [http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=16838&sec=39&con=58 "Belief in sex-mad demon tests nerves,"] on the [http://www.wwrn.org World Wide Religious News (WWRN)] website</ref> "The [[Trauco]]," according to the traditional mythology of the Chiloé Province of Chile, is a hideous deformed dwarf who lulls nubile young women and seduces them. The Trauco is said to be responsible for unwanted pregnancies, especially in unmarried women. Perhaps another variation of this conception is the "Tintín" in Ecuador, a dwarf who is fond of abundant haired women and seduces them at night by playing the guitar outside their windows; a myth that researchers believe was created during the Colonial period of time to explain pregnancies in women who never left their houses without a chaperone, very likely covering incest or sexual abuse by one of the family's friends.<ref>"TIN TIN" A brief description of the myth at [http://www.edufuturo.com/educacion.php?c=945 EDUFUTURO](in Spanish)</ref> In Hungary, a ''[[lidérc]]'' can be a Satanic lover that flies at night and appears as a fiery light (an ''ignis fatuus'' or will o' the wisp) or, in its more benign form as a featherless chicken.<ref>Mack, Dinah, Mack, Carol K. (1999), ''A Field Guide to Demons, Fairies, Fallen Angels and Other Subversive Spirits'', p. 209, Henry Holt and Company, LLC, ISBN 0-8050-6270-X</ref>


===Ancient and religious descriptions===
In Brazil and the rainforests of the Amazon Basin, the Boto is a combination of [[siren]] and incubus, a very charming and beautiful man who seduces young women and takes them into the river.<ref>[http://www.ancientspiral.com/dolphin1.htm "Whales and Dolphins"] at [http://www.ancientspiral.com ancientspiral.com]</ref> It is said to be responsible for disappearances and unwanted pregnancies,<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/C001650/html/text_only_english/dolphin.htm Boto] at [http://library.thinkquest.org library.thinkquest.org]</ref> and it can never be seen by daylight, because it metamorphoses into that kind of river dolphin during those hours. According to legend the boto always wears a hat to disguise the breathing hole at the top of its head.<ref>[http://www.sumauma.net/amazonian/legends/legends-boto.html "The Dolphin Legend"] at [http://www.sumauma.net sumauma.net]</ref>
One of the earliest mentions of an incubus comes from [[Mesopotamia]] on the [[Sumerian King List]], ca. 2400 BC, where the hero [[Gilgamesh]]'s father is listed as [[Lilu (mythology)|Lilu]].<ref>Raphael Patai, p. 221, The Hebrew Goddess: Third Enlarged Edition, ISBN 978-0-8143-2271-0</ref> It is said that Lilu disturbs and seduces women in their sleep, while [[Lilitu]], a female demon, appears to men in their erotic dreams.<ref>Siegmund Hurwitz, Lilith: The First Eve ISBN 978-3-85630-522-2</ref> Two other corresponding demons appear as well: Ardat lili, who visits men by night and begets ghostly children from them, and Irdu lili, who is known as a male counterpart to Ardat lili and visits women by night and begets from them. These demons were originally storm demons, but they eventually became regarded as night demons due to mistaken etymology.<ref>Raphael Patai, p. 221 & 222, The Hebrew Goddess: Third Enlarged Edition, ISBN 978-0-8143-2271-0</ref>


Debate about the demons began early in the Christian tradition. [[St. Augustine]] touched on the topic in "De Civitate Dei" (The City of God), admitting that there were too many attacks by incubi to deny them. He stated, "There is, too, a very general rumor, which many have verified by their own experience, or which trustworthy persons who have heard the experience of others corroborate, that sylvans and fauns, who are commonly called incubi, had often made wicked assaults upon women."<ref>Augustine (410), "The City of God 15.23",[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.html.com "The City of God]</ref> However, despite this affirmation, questions continued about the reproductive capabilities of the demons. 800 years later Thomas Aquinas would lend himself to the ongoing discussion, stating, "Still if some are occasionally begotten from demons, it is not from the seed of such demons, nor from their assumed bodies, but from the seed of men taken for the purpose; as when the demon assumes first the form of a woman, and afterwards of a man; just as they take the seed of other things for other generating purposes."<ref>Aquinus, Thomas (1265–1274), "Summa Theologica", [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.FP_Q51_A3.html "Summa Theologica"]</ref> Thus it became generally accepted that incubi and succubi were the same demon, but able to switch between male and female forms.<ref>Carus, Paul (1900), ''The History of The Devil and The Idea of Evil From The Earliest Times to The Present Day'', [http://www.sacred-texts.com/evil/hod/hod15.htm "The Devil's Prime,"] at [http://www.sacred-texts.com sacred-texts.com]</ref> A succubus would be able to sleep with a man and collect his sperm, and then transform into an incubus and use that seed on women. Their offspring were thought to be supernatural in many cases, even if the sperm and egg originally came from humans.<ref name="AZ"/>
The Southern African incubus demon is the Tokolosh. Chaste women place their beds upon bricks to deter the rather short fellows from attaining their sleeping forms. They also share the hole in the head detail and water dwelling habits of the Boto.


Though many tales claim that the incubus is [[bisexual]],<ref name="wima">Russsel, Jeffrey Burton (1972), ''Witchcraft in The Middle Ages'', p. 145, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, ISBN 0-8014-0697-8</ref> others indicate that it is strictly [[heterosexual]] and finds attacking a male victim either unpleasant or detrimental.<ref>Stephens, Walter (2002), ''Demon Lovers'', pp. 54, 55, 332, 333, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-266-77261-6</ref> There are also numerous stories{{where?}} involving the attempted [[exorcism]] of incubi or succubi who have taken refuge in, respectively, the bodies of men or women.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
In Germanic Folklore there is the mara or mare, a spiriT or goblin that rides on the chests of humans while they sleep, giving them bad dreams (or "nightmares").<ref>Bjorvand and Lindeman (2007:719–720).</ref> Belief in the mare goes back to the Norse Ynglinga saga from the 13th century,<ref>Ynglinga saga, stanza 13, in Hødnebø and Magerøy (1979:12).</ref> but the belief is probably even older. The mare was likely inspired by [[sleep paralysis]].


Incubi are sometimes said to be able to conceive children. The half-human offspring of such a union is sometimes referred to as a [[cambion]]. The most famous legend of such a case includes that of [[Merlin]], the famous wizard from [[Arthurian legend]].<ref name="Masello"/>
In Assam, a north-eastern province of India it is mostly known as "pori": পৰী meaning angel). According to the mythology Pori comes to a man at night in his dreams and attracts towards her. Gradually the victim's health deteriorates and in some cases a tendency to commit suicide generates in him.


According to the ''[[Malleus Maleficarum]]'', exorcism is one of the five ways to overcome the attacks of incubi, the others being [[Sacrament]]al [[Confession]], the [[Sign of the Cross]] (or recital of the [[Hail Mary|Angelic Salutation]]), moving the afflicted to another location, and by [[excommunication]] of the attacking entity, "which is perhaps the same as exorcism."<ref>Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger, James (1486), Summers, Montague (translator&nbsp;– 1928), ''The Malleus Maleficarum'', Part 2, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/mm02b01a.htm Chapter 1], "The Remedies prescribed by the Holy Church against Incubus and Succubus Devils," at [http://www.sacred-texts.com sacred-texts.com]</ref> On the other hand, the [[Franciscan|Franciscan friar]] [[Ludovico Maria Sinistrari]] stated that incubi "do not obey exorcists, have no dread of exorcisms, show no reverence for holy things, at the approach of which they are not in the least overawed."<ref name="Masello"/>
In Turkish culture, incubus is known as Karabasan. It is an evil being that descends upon some sleepers at night. These beings are thought to be spirits or jinns. It can be seen or heard in the nightmare and a heavy weight is felt on the chest. Yet people cannot wake up from that state. Some of the causes are sleeping without adequately covering the body (especially women) and eating in bed.


===Regional variations===
There are a number of variations on the incubus theme around the world. The [[alp (folklore)|alp]] of [[Teutons|Teutonic]] or [[German folklore]] is one of the better known. In [[Zanzibar]], [[Popo Bawa]] primarily attacks men and generally behind closed doors.<ref>Maclean, William (Reuters, May 16, 2005), [http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=16838&sec=39&con=58 "Belief in sex-mad demon tests nerves,"] on the [http://www.wwrn.org World Wide Religious News (WWRN)] website</ref> "The [[Trauco]]," according to the traditional mythology of the [[Chiloé Province]] of Chile, is a hideous deformed dwarf who lulls nubile young women and seduces them. The Trauco is said to be responsible for unwanted pregnancies, especially in unmarried women. Perhaps another variation of this conception is the "Tintín" in Ecuador, a dwarf who is fond of abundant haired women and seduces them at night by playing the guitar outside their windows; a myth that researchers believe was created during the Colonial period of time to explain pregnancies in women who never left their houses without a chaperone, very likely covering incest or sexual abuse by one of the family's friends.<ref>"TIN TIN" A brief description of the myth at [http://www.edufuturo.com/educacion.php?c=945 EDUFUTURO](in Spanish)</ref> In [[Hungary]], a ''[[lidérc]]'' can be a Satanic lover that flies at night and appears as a fiery light (an ''ignis fatuus'' or [[will o' the wisp]]) or, in its more benign form as a featherless chicken.<ref>Mack, Dinah, Mack, Carol K. (1999), ''A Field Guide to Demons, Fairies, Fallen Angels and Other Subversive Spirits'', p. 209, Henry Holt and Company, LLC, ISBN 0-8050-6270-X</ref>


In [[Brazil]] and the rainforests of the [[Amazon Basin]], the [[Boto]] is a combination of [[siren]] and incubus, a very charming and beautiful man who seduces young women and takes them into the river.<ref>[http://www.ancientspiral.com/dolphin1.htm "Whales and Dolphins"] at [http://www.ancientspiral.com ancientspiral.com]</ref> It is said to be responsible for disappearances and unwanted pregnancies,<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/C001650/html/text_only_english/dolphin.htm Boto] at [http://library.thinkquest.org library.thinkquest.org]</ref> and it can never be seen by daylight, because it metamorphoses into that kind of [[river dolphin]] during those hours. According to legend the boto always wears a hat to disguise the breathing hole at the top of its head.<ref>[http://www.sumauma.net/amazonian/legends/legends-boto.html "The Dolphin Legend"] at [http://www.sumauma.net sumauma.net]</ref>
==Scientific alternate explanations==
Victims may have been experiencing waking dreams or [[sleep paralysis]]. Nocturnal arousal or [[nocturnal emission]] could be explained away by creatures causing otherwise guilt-producing behavior.<ref name="AZ">Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), ''Angels A to Z'', Entry: '''Incubi and Succubi''', pp. 218, 219, Visible Ink Press, ISBN 0-7876-0652-9</ref> Then again, victims of incubi could well have been the victims of real sexual assault. Rapists may have attributed the rapes of sleeping women to demons in order to escape punishment. A friend or relative is at the top of the list in such cases and would be kept secret by the intervention of 'spirits.' The victims and, in some cases, the magistrates,<ref name="Masello">Masello, Robert (2004), ''Fallen Angels and Spirits of The Dark'', p. 66, The Berkley Publishing Group, 200 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016, ISBN 0-399-51889-4</ref> may have found it easier to explain the attack as supernatural rather than confront the idea that the attack came from someone in a position of trust.


The Southern African incubus demon is the [[Tokolosh]]. Chaste women place their beds upon bricks to deter the rather short fellows from attaining their sleeping forms. They also share the hole in the head detail and water dwelling habits of the Boto.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 43: Line 53:
* [[Demon]]
* [[Demon]]
* [[Demonology]]
* [[Demonology]]
* [[Krampus]]
* [[Lilith]]
* [[Lilith]]
* [[Trauco]]
* [[Trauco]]
Line 51: Line 60:
* ''[[Ink (Film)|Ink]]''
* ''[[Ink (Film)|Ink]]''
* ''[[Jennifer's Body (2009 Film)|Jennifer's Body]]''
* ''[[Jennifer's Body (2009 Film)|Jennifer's Body]]''


==Notes==
==Notes==
<references/>
<references/>


==External Links==
==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubus The original source of this article at Wikipedia]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubus The original source of this article at Wikipedia]

Latest revision as of 08:24, 23 October 2014

For other uses of the word Incubus, see Incubus (disambiguation).

For the Collective IncubI, see Incubi (Collective)


Incubus, 1870

An incubus (from the Latin, incubo, or "nightmare"; plural incubi) is a demon in male form who, according to a number of mythological and legendary traditions, lies upon sleepers, especially women, in order to have sex with them. Its female counterpart is the succubus. An incubus may pursue sexual relations with a woman in order to father a child, as in the legend of Merlin.[1] Religious tradition holds that repeated intercourse with an incubus or succubus may result in the deterioration of health, or even death.[2]

Medieval legend claims that demons both male and female sexually prey on human beings, generally during the night when the victim is sleeping.


Origins

A number of secular explanations have been offered for the origin of the incubus legends. They involve the medieval preoccupation with sin, especially sexual sins of women. Victims may have been experiencing waking dreams or sleep paralysis. Also, nocturnal arousal, orgasm or nocturnal emission could be explained by the idea of creatures causing an otherwise guilt-producing and self-conscious behavior.[3] Alternatively, the influence of incubi could also have been invoked to explain otherwise "unexplainable" pregnancies out of wedlock.

Purported victims of incubi could have been the victims of sexual assault by a real person. Rapists may have attributed the rapes of sleeping women to demons in order to escape punishment. A friend or relative may have assaulted the victim in her sleep. The victims and, in some cases the clergy,[4] may have found it easier to explain the attack as supernatural rather than confront the idea that the attack came from someone in a position of trust.


Ancient and religious descriptions

One of the earliest mentions of an incubus comes from Mesopotamia on the Sumerian King List, ca. 2400 BC, where the hero Gilgamesh's father is listed as Lilu.[5] It is said that Lilu disturbs and seduces women in their sleep, while Lilitu, a female demon, appears to men in their erotic dreams.[6] Two other corresponding demons appear as well: Ardat lili, who visits men by night and begets ghostly children from them, and Irdu lili, who is known as a male counterpart to Ardat lili and visits women by night and begets from them. These demons were originally storm demons, but they eventually became regarded as night demons due to mistaken etymology.[7]

Debate about the demons began early in the Christian tradition. St. Augustine touched on the topic in "De Civitate Dei" (The City of God), admitting that there were too many attacks by incubi to deny them. He stated, "There is, too, a very general rumor, which many have verified by their own experience, or which trustworthy persons who have heard the experience of others corroborate, that sylvans and fauns, who are commonly called incubi, had often made wicked assaults upon women."[8] However, despite this affirmation, questions continued about the reproductive capabilities of the demons. 800 years later Thomas Aquinas would lend himself to the ongoing discussion, stating, "Still if some are occasionally begotten from demons, it is not from the seed of such demons, nor from their assumed bodies, but from the seed of men taken for the purpose; as when the demon assumes first the form of a woman, and afterwards of a man; just as they take the seed of other things for other generating purposes."[9] Thus it became generally accepted that incubi and succubi were the same demon, but able to switch between male and female forms.[10] A succubus would be able to sleep with a man and collect his sperm, and then transform into an incubus and use that seed on women. Their offspring were thought to be supernatural in many cases, even if the sperm and egg originally came from humans.[3]

Though many tales claim that the incubus is bisexual,[11] others indicate that it is strictly heterosexual and finds attacking a male victim either unpleasant or detrimental.[12] There are also numerous stories involving the attempted exorcism of incubi or succubi who have taken refuge in, respectively, the bodies of men or women.

Incubi are sometimes said to be able to conceive children. The half-human offspring of such a union is sometimes referred to as a cambion. The most famous legend of such a case includes that of Merlin, the famous wizard from Arthurian legend.[4]

According to the Malleus Maleficarum, exorcism is one of the five ways to overcome the attacks of incubi, the others being Sacramental Confession, the Sign of the Cross (or recital of the Angelic Salutation), moving the afflicted to another location, and by excommunication of the attacking entity, "which is perhaps the same as exorcism."[13] On the other hand, the Franciscan friar Ludovico Maria Sinistrari stated that incubi "do not obey exorcists, have no dread of exorcisms, show no reverence for holy things, at the approach of which they are not in the least overawed."[4]


Regional variations

There are a number of variations on the incubus theme around the world. The alp of Teutonic or German folklore is one of the better known. In Zanzibar, Popo Bawa primarily attacks men and generally behind closed doors.[14] "The Trauco," according to the traditional mythology of the Chiloé Province of Chile, is a hideous deformed dwarf who lulls nubile young women and seduces them. The Trauco is said to be responsible for unwanted pregnancies, especially in unmarried women. Perhaps another variation of this conception is the "Tintín" in Ecuador, a dwarf who is fond of abundant haired women and seduces them at night by playing the guitar outside their windows; a myth that researchers believe was created during the Colonial period of time to explain pregnancies in women who never left their houses without a chaperone, very likely covering incest or sexual abuse by one of the family's friends.[15] In Hungary, a lidérc can be a Satanic lover that flies at night and appears as a fiery light (an ignis fatuus or will o' the wisp) or, in its more benign form as a featherless chicken.[16]

In Brazil and the rainforests of the Amazon Basin, the Boto is a combination of siren and incubus, a very charming and beautiful man who seduces young women and takes them into the river.[17] It is said to be responsible for disappearances and unwanted pregnancies,[18] and it can never be seen by daylight, because it metamorphoses into that kind of river dolphin during those hours. According to legend the boto always wears a hat to disguise the breathing hole at the top of its head.[19]

The Southern African incubus demon is the Tokolosh. Chaste women place their beds upon bricks to deter the rather short fellows from attaining their sleeping forms. They also share the hole in the head detail and water dwelling habits of the Boto.

In Germanic Folklore there is the mara or mare, a spiriT or goblin that rides on the chests of humans while they sleep, giving them bad dreams (or "nightmares").[20] Belief in the mare goes back to the Norse Ynglinga saga from the 13th century,[21] but the belief is probably even older. The mare was likely inspired by sleep paralysis.

In Assam, a north-eastern province of India it is mostly known as "pori": পৰী meaning angel). According to the mythology Pori comes to a man at night in his dreams and attracts towards her. Gradually the victim's health deteriorates and in some cases a tendency to commit suicide generates in him.

In Turkish culture, incubus is known as Karabasan. It is an evil being that descends upon some sleepers at night. These beings are thought to be spirits or jinns. It can be seen or heard in the nightmare and a heavy weight is felt on the chest. Yet people cannot wake up from that state. Some of the causes are sleeping without adequately covering the body (especially women) and eating in bed.


Scientific alternate explanations

Victims may have been experiencing waking dreams or sleep paralysis. Nocturnal arousal or nocturnal emission could be explained away by creatures causing otherwise guilt-producing behavior.[3] Then again, victims of incubi could well have been the victims of real sexual assault. Rapists may have attributed the rapes of sleeping women to demons in order to escape punishment. A friend or relative is at the top of the list in such cases and would be kept secret by the intervention of 'spirits.' The victims and, in some cases, the magistrates,[4] may have found it easier to explain the attack as supernatural rather than confront the idea that the attack came from someone in a position of trust.


See also


Notes

  1. ↑ Merlin's father was said to be an incubus in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and many later tales. See Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "Merlin". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, p. 322. (New York: Garland, 1991). ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
  2. ↑ Stephens, Walter (2002), Demon Lovers, p. 23, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-266-77261-6
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), Angels A to Z, Entry: Incubi and Succubi, pp. 218, 219, Visible Ink Press, ISBN 0-7876-0652-9
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Masello, Robert (2004), Fallen Angels and Spirits of The Dark, p. 66, The Berkley Publishing Group, 200 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016, ISBN 0-399-51889-4
  5. ↑ Raphael Patai, p. 221, The Hebrew Goddess: Third Enlarged Edition, ISBN 978-0-8143-2271-0
  6. ↑ Siegmund Hurwitz, Lilith: The First Eve ISBN 978-3-85630-522-2
  7. ↑ Raphael Patai, p. 221 & 222, The Hebrew Goddess: Third Enlarged Edition, ISBN 978-0-8143-2271-0
  8. ↑ Augustine (410), "The City of God 15.23","The City of God
  9. ↑ Aquinus, Thomas (1265–1274), "Summa Theologica", "Summa Theologica"
  10. ↑ Carus, Paul (1900), The History of The Devil and The Idea of Evil From The Earliest Times to The Present Day, "The Devil's Prime," at sacred-texts.com
  11. ↑ Russsel, Jeffrey Burton (1972), Witchcraft in The Middle Ages, p. 145, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, ISBN 0-8014-0697-8
  12. ↑ Stephens, Walter (2002), Demon Lovers, pp. 54, 55, 332, 333, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-266-77261-6
  13. ↑ Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger, James (1486), Summers, Montague (translator – 1928), The Malleus Maleficarum, Part 2, Chapter 1, "The Remedies prescribed by the Holy Church against Incubus and Succubus Devils," at sacred-texts.com
  14. ↑ Maclean, William (Reuters, May 16, 2005), "Belief in sex-mad demon tests nerves," on the World Wide Religious News (WWRN) website
  15. ↑ "TIN TIN" A brief description of the myth at EDUFUTURO(in Spanish)
  16. ↑ Mack, Dinah, Mack, Carol K. (1999), A Field Guide to Demons, Fairies, Fallen Angels and Other Subversive Spirits, p. 209, Henry Holt and Company, LLC, ISBN 0-8050-6270-X
  17. ↑ "Whales and Dolphins" at ancientspiral.com
  18. ↑ Boto at library.thinkquest.org
  19. ↑ "The Dolphin Legend" at sumauma.net
  20. ↑ Bjorvand and Lindeman (2007:719–720).
  21. ↑ Ynglinga saga, stanza 13, in Hødnebø and Magerøy (1979:12).


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