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[[Category:Definitions]]
[[Category:Deities, Spirits, and Mythic Beings]]
 
''For other uses of the word [[Succubus]], see [[Succubus (disambiguation)]].''
''For other uses of the word [[Succubus]], see [[Succubus (disambiguation)]].''




'''Nekomata''' (original form: 猫また, later forms: 猫又, 猫股, 猫胯) are a yōkai of cats told about in folklore as well as classical kaidan, essays, etc. There are two very different types, the beast that lives in the mountains, and the ones raised domestically that grow old and transform.<ref name="多田2000">多田 (2000)、170-171頁。</ref>


==Nekomata in Mountains==
In China, they are told in stories even older than in Japan from the Sui Dynasty like in 猫鬼 or 金花猫 that told of mysterious cats, but in Japan, in the Meigetsuki by Fujiwara no Teika in the early Kamakura period, in the beginning of Tenpuku (1233), August 2, in Nanto (now Nara Prefecture), there is a statement that a nekomata (猫胯) ate and killed several people in one night. This is the first appearance of the nekomata in literature, and the nekomata was talked about as a beast in the mountains. However, in the "Meigetsuki," concerning their appearance, it was written, "they have eyes like a cat, and have a large body like a dog," there are many who raise the question of whether or not it really is a monster of a cat,<ref name="笹間1994">笹間 (1994)、127-128頁。</ref> and since there are statements that people suffer an illness called the "nekomata disease 猫跨病," there is the interpretation that it is actually a beast that has caught rabies.<ref name="石川1986">石川 (1986)、696頁。</ref> Also, in the essay Tsurezuregusa from the late Kamakura period (around 1331), it was written, "{{nihongo|in the mountain recesses, there are those called nekomata, and people say that they eat humans...|奥山に、猫またといふものありて、人を食ふなると人の言ひけるに……}}."<ref name="笹間1994"/><ref name="平岩1992">平岩 (1992)、36-66頁。</ref>


[[Image:SekienNekomata.jpg|thumb|280px|''Nekomata'' walking on its hind legs, illustrated by Toriyama Sekien.]]
Even the kaidan collections, the "{{nihongo|Tonoigusa|宿直草}}" and the "{{nihongo|Sorori Monogatari|曾呂利物語}}," nekomata conceal themselves in the mountain recesses, and there are stories where deep in the mountains they would appear shapeshifted into humans,<ref>{{Cite book|author=荻田安静編著|editor=高田衛編・校中|title=江戸怪談集|year=1989|publisher=岩波書店|series=岩波文庫|volume=上|isbn=978-4-00-302571-0|pages=121–124|chapter=宿直草}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=編著者不詳|editor=高田衛編・校中|title=江戸怪談集|year=1989|publisher=岩波書店|series=岩波文庫|volume=中|isbn=978-4-00-302572-7|pages=57–58|chapter=曾呂利物語}}</ref> and in folk religion there are many stories of nekomata in mountainous regions.<ref name="多田2000" /> The nekomata of the mountains have a tendency to be larger in later literature, and in the "{{nihongo|Shin Chomonjū|新著聞集}}," nekomata captured in the mountains of the Kii Province are as large as a wild boar, and in "{{nihongo|Wakun no Shiori|倭訓栞}}" from 1775 (Anei 4), from the statement that their roaring voice echos throughout the mountain, they can be seen to be as big as a lion or a leopard. In "{{nihongo|Gūisō|寓意草}}" from 1809 (Bunka 6), a nekomata that held a dog in its mouth had a span of 9 shaku and 5 sn (about 2.8 meters).<ref name="笹間1994" />
A {{nihongo|'''bakeneko'''|化け猫||"monster cat"}} is, in Japanese folklore, a cat with supernatural abilities akin to those of the [[kitsune|fox]] or [[tanuki|raccoon dog]]. A cat may become a ''bakeneko'' in a number of ways: it may reach a certain age, be kept for a certain number of years, grow to a certain size, or be allowed to keep a long tail. In the last case, the tail forks in two and the ''bakeneko'' is then called a {{nihongo|'''nekomata'''|猫又||,猫叉, or 猫股 "forked cat"}}. This superstition may have some connection to the breeding of the Japanese Bobtail.
 
A ''bakeneko'' will haunt any household it is kept in, creating ghostly fireballs, menacing sleepers, walking on its hind legs, changing its shape into that of a human, and even devouring its own mistress in order to shapeshift and take her place. When it is finally killed, its body may be as much as five feet in length. It also poses a danger if allowed into a room with a fresh corpse; a cat is believed to be capable of reanimating a body by jumping over it.  


==Bakeneko==
In the Etchū Province (now Toyama Prefecture), in Aizu, at the Nekomatayama said to be where nekomata would eat and kill humans (now Fukushima Prefecture), nekomata that shapeshift into humans and fool people, like Mount Nekomadake, sometimes have their legends be named after the name of the mountain.<ref name="石川1986" /> Concerning Nekomatayama, it can be seen that not following folklore at all, there actually are large cats living in the mountain that attack humans.<ref>{{Cite book|author=谷川健一|title=続 日本の地名|year=1998|publisher=岩波書店|series=岩波新書|isbn=978-4-00-430559-0|page=146}}</ref>


In Japanese folklore, any cat that lives over thirteen years old, reaches one kan (eight pounds) in weight or is allowed to keep a long tail can become a ''bake-neko'' ( 化け猫 ) or Ghost Cat (Addis 2001). A ''bake-neko'' is a cat that gains paranormal powers after certain circumstances. The breeding of the Japanese Bobtail may have some connection with this superstition. After a ''bake-neko'' tail grows long enough it forks into two tail then the bake-neko is no longer called a ''bake-neko'', but a ''neko-mata''. Other forms of ''bake-neko'' are Maneki-neko (Addis 2001). Most of the stories about the ''bake-neko'' are told orally in Japan.


==History==
==Nekomata that Domestic Cats Turn Into==
At the same time, in the Kokon Chomonjū from the Kamakura period, in the story called {{nihongo|Kankyō Hōin|観教法印}}, an old cat raised in a precipitous mountain villa held in its mouth a secret treasure, a protective sword, and ran away, and people chased after it, but it disguised its appearance right then, and it left behind that the pet cat became a monster, but in the aforementioned "Tsurezuregusa," this is also a nekomata, and it talks about how other than the nekomata that conceal themselves in the mountains, there are also the pet cats that grow old, transform, and eat and abduct people.<ref name="平岩1992" />


In the early 17th century the Japanese used cats to kill off the rats and mice that were threatening the silkworms. During this time it was illegal to buy or sell cats. Most of the cats in Japan were set free to roam around the cities. Stories about these street cats became legends over time. There are many stories about the supernatural abilities of the ''bake-neko'': talking, walking on their two rear legs, shapeshifting, and even resurrecting the dead. Because of the stories about the ''bake-neko'' the Japanese people may cut their cat’s tail off to stop them from becoming a ''bake-neko''. Cats that were caught drinking lamp oil were also considered to be ''bake-neko''s. Cats may have regularly been caught drinking lamp oil due to the fact that old fashion lamp oil was made from fish.
In the Edo period and afterwards, it has become generally thought that cats raised domestically would turn into nekomata as they grow old, and the aforementioned nekomata of the mountains have come to be interpreted as cats that have run away and came to live in the mountains. Because of that, a folk belief emerged in each area of Japan that cats are not to be raised for many months and years.<ref name="多田2000" />


==Description==
In the "{{nihongo|Ansai Zuihitsu|安斎随筆}}" by the court ceremonial Sadatake Ise, the statement "a cat that is several years of age will come to have two tails, and become the yōkai called nekomata" can be seen. Also, the mid-Edo period scholar Arai Hakuseki stated, "old cats become 'nekomata' and bewilder people," and indicating it was common sense at that time to think that cats become nekomata, and even the Kawaraban of the Edo period reported on this strange phenomenon.<ref name="笹間1994" />


The ''bake-neko'' looks like an ordinary cat; however, a ''bake-neko'' can walk on his two rear legs, talk and assume human form. It is said that when the ''bake-neko'' tail grows long enough its tail can fork in two, the ''bake-neko'' is then called a ''neko-mata'' or forked tail.
In the book ''Yamato Kaiiki'' ({{lang|ja|大和怪異記}}, engl. "Mysterious stories from Japan"), written by an unknown author in 1708, a story speaks about a haunted house of a rich samurai. The inhabitants of this house witness several poltergeist-activities and the samurai invites countless shamans, priests and evokers in attempt to make the happenings come to an end. But none of them is able to find the source of the terror. One day one of the most loyal servants observes his master's very old cat carrying a shikigami with the imprinted name of the samurai in its mouth. Immediately the servant fires a sacred arrow, hitting the cat in its head. When the cat is lying dead on the floor, all inhabitants can see that the cat has two tails and therefore had become a nekomata. With the death of the demon-cat the poltergeist-activities end. Similar eerie stories about encounters with nekomata appear in books such as ''Taihei Hyakumonogatari'' ({{lang|ja|太平百物語}}, engl. "Collection of 100 fairy tales"), written by ''Yusuke'' ({{lang|ja|祐佐}}, or ''Yūsa'') in 1723 and in the book ''Rōō Chabanashi'' ({{lang|ja|老媼茶話}}, "Tea-time gossip of old ladies"), written by Misaka Daiyata ({{lang|ja|三坂大彌}}) in 1742.


==Legends==
It is generally said that the "mata" (又) of "nekomata" comes from how they have two tails, but from the view of folkloristics, this is seen as questionable, and since they transform as they grow older, the theory that it is the "mata" meaning "repetition," or as previously stated, since they were once thought to be a beast in the mountains, there is the theory that it comes from "mata" (爰) meaning monkeys, with the meaning that they are like monkeys that can freely come and go between trees in the mountains at will.<ref>{{Cite book|author=日野巌|title=動物妖怪譚|year=2006|publisher=中央公論新社|series=中公文庫|isbn=978-4-12-204792-1|volume=下|pages=158–159}}</ref> There is also the theory that it comes from the way in which cats that grow old shed the skin off their backs and hang downwards, making it seem like they have two tails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nyanmaru.com/etc/index.html |title=ネコのうんちく|publisher=[http://nyanmaru.com/ カフェ にゃんまる]|accessdate=2012-11-03}}</ref>


There are many legends about the ''bake-neko''. One in particular may have given birth to the [[Japanese Bobtail]]. As the legend goes, a cat was warming itself near the fire and set its tail on fire. The long-tail cat then ran through the town burning many buildings to the ground. For retribution the Emperor decreed that all cats should have their tails cut off.
Cats are often associated with death in Japan, and this particular spirit is often blamed. Far darker and malevolent than most bakeneko, the nekomata is said to have powers of necromancy, and upon raising the dead, will control them with ritualistic dances - gesturing with paw and tail. These yōkai are associated with strange fires and other unexplainable occurrences. The older, and the more badly treated a cat has been before its transformation, the more power the nekomata is said to have. To gain revenge against those who have wronged it, the spirit may haunt humans with visitations from their dead relatives. Like bakeneko, some tales state how these demons have taken on human appearance - but have usually appeared as older women, behaving badly in public and bringing gloom and malevolence wherever they travelled. Sometimes the tails of kittens were cut off as a precaution as it was thought that if their tails could not fork, they could not become nekomata


Another famous ''bake-neko'' story is about a man named Takasu Genbei, whose mother’s personality changed completely after his pet cat went missing for many years. His mother avoided the company of friends and family and would take her meals alone in her room. When the family peeked in on her they saw a cat like a monster in the mother's clothes, chewing on animal carcasses. Takasu, still skeptical, slew what looked like his mother and after one day his mother's body turned back into his pet cat that had been missing.
From this discernment and strange characteristics, nekomata have been considered devilish ones from time immemorial. Due to fears and folk beliefs such as the dead resurrecting at a funeral, or that seven generations would be cursed as a result of killing a cat, it is thought that the legend of the nekomata was born.<ref name="石川1986" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=佐野賢治他|editor=桜井徳太郎編|title=民間信仰辞典|year=1980|publisher=東京堂出版|isbn=978-4-490-10137-9|page=223}}</ref> Also, in folk beliefs cats and the dead are related. As carnivores, cats have a sharp sense of detecting the smell of rotting, and so it was believed that they had a trait of approaching corpses; with this folk belief sometimes the kasha, a yōkai that steals the corpses of the dead, are seen to be the same as the nekomata.<ref name="多田2000" />


Not all ''bake-neko'' are bad; in some stories they are faithful and good-hearted to their owners; three stories in particular tie benevolent bakeneko to the legend of the [[maneki neko]].  One such story is about a ''bake-neko'' named Tama. Tama's owner was a very poor priest who lived in a rundown temple in [[Setagaya]], west of Tokyo. The priest would tell Tama, “I’m keeping you in spite of my poverty, so couldn’t you do something for this temple?” One day the lord of the [[Hikone district]], Naotaka, was standing under a big tree in front of the temple to avoid the rain. Naotaka become aware of a cat calling him to the temple gate. As he begins to walk to the temple gate the tree was struck by lighting. The cat who called out to Naotaka was Tama. After the incident, Naotaka became friends with the priest of the temple. Naotaka chose the temple to be the family temple and change its name to Goutokuji. Because of Tama's help the priest became prosperous.
Also in Japan there are cat yōkai called the bakeneko, but since nekomata are certainly the yōkai of transformed cats, sometimes nekomata are confused with bakeneko.<ref>{{Cite book|author=京極夏彦|editor=郡司聡他編|title=怪 (ムック)|怪|year=2010|publisher=角川書店|series=カドカワムック|volume=vol.0029|isbn=978-4-04-885055-1|page=122|chapter=妖怪の宴 妖怪の匣 第6回}}</ref>


Another good ''bake-neko'' story is about a cat whose owner was a high-ranking [[geisha]]. Every time she would try to go to the toilet, the cat would claw at her robes to keep her away from the toilet. Because of the cat’s strange behavior the geisha killed it. After that she proceeded to the toilet. As she begin to use the toilet, the ghost of the cat bit to death the snake that was lurking near the toilet, saving its owner from harm.
Furthermore, in Canada, there have been photographs taken of cats with 2 tails.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001–2009|last=Hartwell |first=Sarah|url=http://www.messybeast.com/winged-cats.htm |title=Winged Cats, What are they?|work=Cat Resource Archive |publisher=Messybeast.com|accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref>


Sometimes the ''bake-neko'' had the power to enter someone’s dreams. There is a story about a ''bake-neko'' who entered her owner's dream to tell her to manufacture its image in clay in order to bring her wealth. Other stories tell about how a ''bake-neko'' may sometimes shape-shift into a beautiful girl, so that their owner would be able to marry them and have children.


==In popular culture==
==Yōkai Depictions==
[[File:SekienNekomata.jpg|thumb||{{nihongo|Nekomata|猫また}} from the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō by Sekien Toriyama]]
In the Edo period, many in style of illustrated reference books, yōkai emaki, have been made, and nekomata are frequently the subject of these yōkai depictions. In the Hyakkai Zukan published in 1737 (Gembun 2), there was a depiction of a nekomata taking on the appearance of a human female playing a shamisen, but since shamisen in the Edo period were frequently made by using the skins of cats, the nekomata played the shamisen and sang a sad song about its own species,<ref name="多田2000" /> and has been interpreted as a kind of irony etc.<ref name="古山他2005">古山他 (2005)、155頁。</ref> Concerning the fact that they wear geisha clothing, there is the viewpoint they are related due to the fact that geisha were once called "cats (neko)"<ref name="古山他2005" /> (refer to first image).


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Also, in the "Gazu Hyakki Yagyō" published in 1776 (An'ei 5) (refer to image on right), with a depiction of a cat on the left with its head coming out of a shōji, a cat on the right with a handkerchief on its head and its forepaw on the veranda, and a cat in the middle also wearing a handkerchief and standing on two legs, and thus as a cat that has not had enough experience and thus as difficulty standing on two legs, a cat that has grown older and has become able to stand on two legs, it can be seen to be depicting the process by which a normal cat grows older and tramsforms into a nekomata.<ref name="古山他2005" /> Also, in the Bigelow collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (the ukiyo-e collection), in the "Hyakki Yagyō Emaki," since pretty much the same composition of nekomata has been depicted, some have pointed out a relation between them.<ref>{{Cite book|author=湯本豪一編著|title=続・妖怪図巻|year=2006|publisher=国書刊行会|isbn=978-4-336-04778-6|pages=161–165}}</ref>


Japanese popular culture contains a large number of two-tailed cat characters based on the ''nekomata''. Some of these include:
==Senri==
In China there is a cat yōkai called "senri (仙狸)" (where 狸 means "leopard cat"). This is where leopard cats that grow old gain a divine spiritual power, and they would shapeshift into a beautiful man or woman and suck the spirit out of humans.<ref>{{Cite book|author=新紀元社編集部|editor=健部伸明監修|title=真・女神転生悪魔事典|year=2003|publisher=新紀元社|series=Truth In Fantasy|isbn=978-4-7753-0149-4|page=94}}</ref>


* In the series ''[[InuYasha]]'', [[Kirara]] (the demon companion of [[Sango (InuYasha)|Sango]]), is a type of nekomata that can transform from a cute two-tailed cat like creature into a large demon surrounded in flame and capable of flight.
There is the theory that the legends of nekomata of Japan come from tales of the senri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=一条真也監修|title=世界の幻獣エンサイクロペディア |year=2010|publisher=講談社|isbn=978-4-06-215952-4|page=194}}</ref>
* In the anime series ''[[Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales]]'' and ''[[Mononoke (TV series)|Mononoke]]''
* In the [[manga]] ''[[Shaman King]]'', [[Hao Asakura]]'s spirit ally from 1,000 years ago is a nekomata named [[Matamune]].
* In the manga/[[anime]] series ''[[Hyper Police]]'' the character Natsuki Sasahara is half-human/half-nekomata.
* In the anime ''[[Inukami!]]'', the character Tomekichi is a benevolent nekomata who honors an obligation to a deceased priest who once took care of him.
* In the [[Pokémon]] game series, the psychic pokemon [[Espeon]] is a lavender cat-like creature with a forked tail.
* In the video game ''[[Shin Megami Tensei: Nocturne]]'' Beast Nekomata appear as recruitable allies in [[Ginza]] and Ikebukuro.
* In the video game ''[[Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 3]]'', Nekomata is one of the main Protagonist's summonable Personas.
* The character Yurine in the animation ''[[Karas (anime)|Karas]]'' appears as both a human and a white cat with a forked-tail.
* In the series ''[[Claymore (manga)|Claymore]]'', Luciela, the abyssal one of the South, has an awakened form resembling a two-tailed cat demon.
* In the video games ''[[Disgaea: Hour of Darkness]]'' and ''[[Disgaea 2: Cursed Memories]]'', the player has the ability to create nekomata characters.
* The Bakeneko was featured in episode 10, 11, and 12 of the series ''[[Mononoke]]''.
* Chen, from ''[[Touhou Project]]'', is a nekomata [[shikigami]].
* Rin, also from ''[[Touhou Project]]'', is a nekomata, but she is also a kasha.
* In the manga/anime series [[Naruto (manga)|Naruto]], Kakuzu and Hidan find the two-tailed bijuu which has the appearance of a giant nekomata when fully materialized.
* An artist by the name ''Nekomata Master'' is present in multiple [[Konami]] related video games, especially in the [[BEMANI]] series.
* In the Digimon Series there is a Digimon named Persiamon who takes the form of a two tailed cat woman.
* In the anime series ''[[Xam'd: Lost Memories]]'', there is a small, green and white, rabbit-like creature called a nekomata adopted by two children who name it Roppa.


==References==
*{{cite journal
  | last = Casal
  | first = U. A.
  | authorlink = U. A. Casal
  | title = The Goblin Fox and Badger and Other Witch Animals of Japan
  | journal = Folklore Studies
  | volume = 18
  | pages = pp. 1–93
  | publisher = Asian Folklore Studies, Nanzan University
  | date = 1959
  | doi = 10.2307/1177429 }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Mizuki
  | first = Shigeru
  | authorlink = Mizuki Shigeru
  | title = Mujara 3: Kinki-hen
  | publisher = Soft Garage
  | date = 2003
  | location = Japan
  | pages = p. 108
  | id = ISBN 4861330068 }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Mizuki
  | first = Shigeru
  | authorlink = Mizuki Shigeru
  | title = Mujara 2: Chūbu-hen
  | publisher = Soft Garage
  | date = 2003
  | location = Japan
  | pages = p. 88, 117
  | id = ISBN 486133005X }}


== Nekomata in Modern Subculture ==
Nekomata are popular motifs in manga and anime today. A well known fictitious nekomata of modern times is "Kirara" from the novel and anime series InuYasha, written by Takahashi Rumiko. Kirara appears there as a cuddly little kitten with two tails when calm, but she rapidly transforms into a giant, flying saber-toothed tiger, when provoked or whenever her friend 'Sango' asks the cat to do so to help in times of need.


* Addis, Stephen, ed. ''Japanese Ghosts and Demons: Art of the Supernatural''. George Braziller, 2001.
A nekomata is also seen in Ao No Exorcist with the character ''Kuro'' aka 'Blackie'. It is known for being a docile, sad cat who is waiting for his master to return. However, hearing the guards talk about his master's death, he becomes furious, unable to believe their words. He turns into his demon form, causing chaos until his master's son, Rin, settles him down.


* Kiej'e, Nikolas. ''Japanese Grotesqueries''. C. E. Tuttle Co., 1973.


* Kaii-Yōkai Denshō Database (KYDD). Online bibliographical database of supernatural folklore published by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies.
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}


* Casal, U. A. (1959). "The Goblin Fox and Badger and Other Witch Animals of Japan". ''Folklore Studies'' 18: pp. 1–93. Asian Folklore Studies, Nanzan University. doi:10.2307/1177429.


* Morgan S.H. (2000). “Bake-neko”
== References ==
* {{Cite book|author=石川純一郎他|editor=乾克己他編|title=日本伝奇伝説大事典|year=1986|publisher=角川書店|isbn=978-4-04-031300-9|ref=石川1986}}
* {{Cite book|author=笹間良彦|title=図説・日本未確認生物事典|year=1994|publisher=柏書房|isbn=978-4-7601-1299-9|ref=笹間1994}}
* {{Cite book|author=多田克己|editor=京極夏彦・多田克己編|title=妖怪図巻|year=2000|publisher=国書刊行会|isbn=978-4-336-04187-6|ref=多田2000}}
* {{Cite book|author=平岩米吉|chapter=猫股伝説の変遷|title=猫の歴史と奇話|year=1992|publisher=築地書館|isbn=978-4-806-72339-4|ref=平岩1992}}
* {{Cite book|author=古山桂子他|editor=播磨学研究所編|title=播磨の民俗探訪|year=2005|publisher=神戸新聞総合出版センター|isbn=978-4-343-00341-6|ref=古山他2005}}
* Patrick Drazen: ''A Gathering of Spirits: Japan's Ghost Story Tradition: from Folklore and Kabuki to Anime and Manga''. iUniverse, New York 2011, ISBN 1-4620-2942-6, page 114.
* Elli Kohen: ''World history and myths of cats''. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston 2003, ISBN 0-7734-6778-5, page 48–51.
* Carl Van Vechten: ''The Tiger In The House''. Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish 2004 (Reprint), ISBN 1-4179-6744-7, page 96.


==External links==
== External Links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakeneko The original source of this page at Wikipedia]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekomata The original source of this article at Wikipedia]
*[http://obakemono.com/obake/bakeneko/ Obakemono Project Article on Bakeneko]
*[http://www.obakemono.com/obake/nekomata/ web-informations about Nekomata at obakemono.com] (English)
*[http://hyakumonogatari.com/2012/04/21/nekomata-the-split-tailed-cat/ Nekomata – The Split-Tailed Cat] at hyakumonogatari.com (English)

Latest revision as of 11:31, 23 October 2014

For other uses of the word Succubus, see Succubus (disambiguation).


Nekomata (original form: 猫また, later forms: 猫又, 猫股, 猫胯) are a yōkai of cats told about in folklore as well as classical kaidan, essays, etc. There are two very different types, the beast that lives in the mountains, and the ones raised domestically that grow old and transform.[1]

Nekomata in Mountains

In China, they are told in stories even older than in Japan from the Sui Dynasty like in 猫鬼 or 金花猫 that told of mysterious cats, but in Japan, in the Meigetsuki by Fujiwara no Teika in the early Kamakura period, in the beginning of Tenpuku (1233), August 2, in Nanto (now Nara Prefecture), there is a statement that a nekomata (猫胯) ate and killed several people in one night. This is the first appearance of the nekomata in literature, and the nekomata was talked about as a beast in the mountains. However, in the "Meigetsuki," concerning their appearance, it was written, "they have eyes like a cat, and have a large body like a dog," there are many who raise the question of whether or not it really is a monster of a cat,[2] and since there are statements that people suffer an illness called the "nekomata disease 猫跨病," there is the interpretation that it is actually a beast that has caught rabies.[3] Also, in the essay Tsurezuregusa from the late Kamakura period (around 1331), it was written, "in the mountain recesses, there are those called nekomata, and people say that they eat humans... (奥山に、猫またといふものありて、人を食ふなると人の言ひけるに……?)."[2][4]

Even the kaidan collections, the "Tonoigusa (宿直草?)" and the "Sorori Monogatari (曾呂利物語?)," nekomata conceal themselves in the mountain recesses, and there are stories where deep in the mountains they would appear shapeshifted into humans,[5][6] and in folk religion there are many stories of nekomata in mountainous regions.[1] The nekomata of the mountains have a tendency to be larger in later literature, and in the "Shin Chomonjū (新著聞集?)," nekomata captured in the mountains of the Kii Province are as large as a wild boar, and in "Wakun no Shiori (倭訓栞?)" from 1775 (Anei 4), from the statement that their roaring voice echos throughout the mountain, they can be seen to be as big as a lion or a leopard. In "Gūisō (寓意草?)" from 1809 (Bunka 6), a nekomata that held a dog in its mouth had a span of 9 shaku and 5 sn (about 2.8 meters).[2]

In the Etchū Province (now Toyama Prefecture), in Aizu, at the Nekomatayama said to be where nekomata would eat and kill humans (now Fukushima Prefecture), nekomata that shapeshift into humans and fool people, like Mount Nekomadake, sometimes have their legends be named after the name of the mountain.[3] Concerning Nekomatayama, it can be seen that not following folklore at all, there actually are large cats living in the mountain that attack humans.[7]


Nekomata that Domestic Cats Turn Into

At the same time, in the Kokon Chomonjū from the Kamakura period, in the story called Kankyō Hōin (観教法印?), an old cat raised in a precipitous mountain villa held in its mouth a secret treasure, a protective sword, and ran away, and people chased after it, but it disguised its appearance right then, and it left behind that the pet cat became a monster, but in the aforementioned "Tsurezuregusa," this is also a nekomata, and it talks about how other than the nekomata that conceal themselves in the mountains, there are also the pet cats that grow old, transform, and eat and abduct people.[4]

In the Edo period and afterwards, it has become generally thought that cats raised domestically would turn into nekomata as they grow old, and the aforementioned nekomata of the mountains have come to be interpreted as cats that have run away and came to live in the mountains. Because of that, a folk belief emerged in each area of Japan that cats are not to be raised for many months and years.[1]

In the "Ansai Zuihitsu (安斎随筆?)" by the court ceremonial Sadatake Ise, the statement "a cat that is several years of age will come to have two tails, and become the yōkai called nekomata" can be seen. Also, the mid-Edo period scholar Arai Hakuseki stated, "old cats become 'nekomata' and bewilder people," and indicating it was common sense at that time to think that cats become nekomata, and even the Kawaraban of the Edo period reported on this strange phenomenon.[2]

In the book Yamato Kaiiki (大和怪異記, engl. "Mysterious stories from Japan"), written by an unknown author in 1708, a story speaks about a haunted house of a rich samurai. The inhabitants of this house witness several poltergeist-activities and the samurai invites countless shamans, priests and evokers in attempt to make the happenings come to an end. But none of them is able to find the source of the terror. One day one of the most loyal servants observes his master's very old cat carrying a shikigami with the imprinted name of the samurai in its mouth. Immediately the servant fires a sacred arrow, hitting the cat in its head. When the cat is lying dead on the floor, all inhabitants can see that the cat has two tails and therefore had become a nekomata. With the death of the demon-cat the poltergeist-activities end. Similar eerie stories about encounters with nekomata appear in books such as Taihei Hyakumonogatari (太平百物語, engl. "Collection of 100 fairy tales"), written by Yusuke (祐佐, or Yūsa) in 1723 and in the book Rōō Chabanashi (老媼茶話, "Tea-time gossip of old ladies"), written by Misaka Daiyata (三坂大彌) in 1742.

It is generally said that the "mata" (又) of "nekomata" comes from how they have two tails, but from the view of folkloristics, this is seen as questionable, and since they transform as they grow older, the theory that it is the "mata" meaning "repetition," or as previously stated, since they were once thought to be a beast in the mountains, there is the theory that it comes from "mata" (爰) meaning monkeys, with the meaning that they are like monkeys that can freely come and go between trees in the mountains at will.[8] There is also the theory that it comes from the way in which cats that grow old shed the skin off their backs and hang downwards, making it seem like they have two tails.[9]

Cats are often associated with death in Japan, and this particular spirit is often blamed. Far darker and malevolent than most bakeneko, the nekomata is said to have powers of necromancy, and upon raising the dead, will control them with ritualistic dances - gesturing with paw and tail. These yōkai are associated with strange fires and other unexplainable occurrences. The older, and the more badly treated a cat has been before its transformation, the more power the nekomata is said to have. To gain revenge against those who have wronged it, the spirit may haunt humans with visitations from their dead relatives. Like bakeneko, some tales state how these demons have taken on human appearance - but have usually appeared as older women, behaving badly in public and bringing gloom and malevolence wherever they travelled. Sometimes the tails of kittens were cut off as a precaution as it was thought that if their tails could not fork, they could not become nekomata

From this discernment and strange characteristics, nekomata have been considered devilish ones from time immemorial. Due to fears and folk beliefs such as the dead resurrecting at a funeral, or that seven generations would be cursed as a result of killing a cat, it is thought that the legend of the nekomata was born.[3][10] Also, in folk beliefs cats and the dead are related. As carnivores, cats have a sharp sense of detecting the smell of rotting, and so it was believed that they had a trait of approaching corpses; with this folk belief sometimes the kasha, a yōkai that steals the corpses of the dead, are seen to be the same as the nekomata.[1]

Also in Japan there are cat yōkai called the bakeneko, but since nekomata are certainly the yōkai of transformed cats, sometimes nekomata are confused with bakeneko.[11]

Furthermore, in Canada, there have been photographs taken of cats with 2 tails.[12]


Yōkai Depictions

Nekomata (猫また?) from the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō by Sekien Toriyama

In the Edo period, many in style of illustrated reference books, yōkai emaki, have been made, and nekomata are frequently the subject of these yōkai depictions. In the Hyakkai Zukan published in 1737 (Gembun 2), there was a depiction of a nekomata taking on the appearance of a human female playing a shamisen, but since shamisen in the Edo period were frequently made by using the skins of cats, the nekomata played the shamisen and sang a sad song about its own species,[1] and has been interpreted as a kind of irony etc.[13] Concerning the fact that they wear geisha clothing, there is the viewpoint they are related due to the fact that geisha were once called "cats (neko)"[13] (refer to first image).

Also, in the "Gazu Hyakki Yagyō" published in 1776 (An'ei 5) (refer to image on right), with a depiction of a cat on the left with its head coming out of a shōji, a cat on the right with a handkerchief on its head and its forepaw on the veranda, and a cat in the middle also wearing a handkerchief and standing on two legs, and thus as a cat that has not had enough experience and thus as difficulty standing on two legs, a cat that has grown older and has become able to stand on two legs, it can be seen to be depicting the process by which a normal cat grows older and tramsforms into a nekomata.[13] Also, in the Bigelow collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (the ukiyo-e collection), in the "Hyakki Yagyō Emaki," since pretty much the same composition of nekomata has been depicted, some have pointed out a relation between them.[14]

Senri

In China there is a cat yōkai called "senri (仙狸)" (where 狸 means "leopard cat"). This is where leopard cats that grow old gain a divine spiritual power, and they would shapeshift into a beautiful man or woman and suck the spirit out of humans.[15]

There is the theory that the legends of nekomata of Japan come from tales of the senri.[16]


Nekomata in Modern Subculture

Nekomata are popular motifs in manga and anime today. A well known fictitious nekomata of modern times is "Kirara" from the novel and anime series InuYasha, written by Takahashi Rumiko. Kirara appears there as a cuddly little kitten with two tails when calm, but she rapidly transforms into a giant, flying saber-toothed tiger, when provoked or whenever her friend 'Sango' asks the cat to do so to help in times of need.

A nekomata is also seen in Ao No Exorcist with the character Kuro aka 'Blackie'. It is known for being a docile, sad cat who is waiting for his master to return. However, hearing the guards talk about his master's death, he becomes furious, unable to believe their words. He turns into his demon form, causing chaos until his master's son, Rin, settles him down.


Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 多田 (2000)、170-171頁。
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 笹間 (1994)、127-128頁。
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 石川 (1986)、696頁。
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 平岩 (1992)、36-66頁。
  5. ↑ 荻田安静編著 (1989). “宿直草”, 高田衛編・校中 江戸怪談集, 121–124, 岩波書店.
  6. ↑ 編著者不詳 (1989). “曾呂利物語”, 高田衛編・校中 江戸怪談集, 57–58, 岩波書店.
  7. ↑ 谷川健一 (1998). 続 日本の地名. 岩波書店.
  8. ↑ 日野巌 (2006). 動物妖怪譚, 158–159, 中央公論新社.
  9. ↑ "ネコのうんちく". カフェ にゃんまる. http://nyanmaru.com/etc/index.html. Retrieved 2012-11-03. 
  10. ↑ 佐野賢治他 (1980). 桜井徳太郎編 民間信仰辞典. 東京堂出版.
  11. ↑ 京極夏彦 (2010). “妖怪の宴 妖怪の匣 第6回”, 郡司聡他編 怪 (ムック). 角川書店.
  12. ↑ Hartwell, Sarah (2001–2009). "Winged Cats, What are they?". Cat Resource Archive. Messybeast.com. http://www.messybeast.com/winged-cats.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-26. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 古山他 (2005)、155頁。
  14. ↑ 湯本豪一編著 (2006). 続・妖怪図巻, 161–165, 国書刊行会.
  15. ↑ 新紀元社編集部 (2003). 健部伸明監修 真・女神転生悪魔事典. 新紀元社.
  16. ↑ 一条真也監修 (2010). 世界の幻獣エンサイクロペディア. 講談社.


References

  • 石川純一郎他 (1986). 乾克己他編 日本伝奇伝説大事典. 角川書店.
  • 笹間良彦 (1994). 図説・日本未確認生物事典. 柏書房.
  • 多田克己 (2000). 京極夏彦・多田克己編 妖怪図巻. 国書刊行会.
  • 平岩米吉 (1992). “猫股伝説の変遷”, 猫の歴史と奇話. 築地書館.
  • 古山桂子他 (2005). 播磨学研究所編 播磨の民俗探訪. 神戸新聞総合出版センター.
  • Patrick Drazen: A Gathering of Spirits: Japan's Ghost Story Tradition: from Folklore and Kabuki to Anime and Manga. iUniverse, New York 2011, ISBN 1-4620-2942-6, page 114.
  • Elli Kohen: World history and myths of cats. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston 2003, ISBN 0-7734-6778-5, page 48–51.
  • Carl Van Vechten: The Tiger In The House. Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish 2004 (Reprint), ISBN 1-4179-6744-7, page 96.

External Links

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