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[[Category:Demon Names]] | [[Category:Demon Names]] | ||
'''Mammon''' /ˈmæmən/, in the New Testament of the Bible, is material wealth or greed, most often personified as a deity, and sometimes included in the seven princes of Hell. | |||
==Etymology== | |||
Scholars do not agree about its etymology,<ref name=Hastings/> but it is theorized that Mammon derives from Late Latin ''mammon'', from Greek "μαμμωνάς", Syriac ''mámóna'' ("riches"),<ref name="Webster">''Webster's Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged'': Publishers International Press, New York, 1977.</ref> Aramaic ''mamon'' ("riches, money"),<ref name=Hastings>Hastings, James, ed.; New York, Scribners, 1908–1921, [http://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofr08hastuoft#page/374/mode/1up ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics''], Volume 8:374</ref><ref>John Parkhurst, Edition 5, 1809, Oxford University, [http://books.google.com/books?id=WItSI6co8JYC&vq=mammon&dq=Wetstein%20and%20Parkhurst%20mammon&pg=PA414#v=onepage&q=mammon&f=false ''A Greek and English lexicon to the New Testament. To this is prefixed a Greek grammar,''] p414 (Aramaic = Chaldee)</ref> a loanword from Mishnaic Hebrew 'ממון (mmôn) meaning money,<ref>Michael Sokoloff, JHU Press, Jan 3, 2003, [http://books.google.com/books?id=WdNOtHEPlf4C&lpg=PP1&ots=b8twu9OBok&dq=inauthor%3A%22Michael%20Sokoloff%22&pg=PA682#v=snippet&q=money,%20monetary%20penalty&f=false ''A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods,''] p.682</ref><ref>[http://en.glosbe.com/he/en/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F Translation and definition "ממון", Dictionary Hebrew–English online] (Modern Hebrew)</ref><ref>Howard H. Covitz, PhD, March 30, 2000, [http://home.comcast.net/~hhcovitz/site/?/page/Shabbos_and_Proper_Nouns/&PHPSESSID=b0640460cc5eec30d3ae9588f1653d1b ''Shabbos and Proper Nouns'']: "When scriptural translators chose not to translate ממון (mammon), this common Babylonian-exile word for money, they effectively neutered the Galilean’s admonition against idolizing riches, against wealth-worship, by thus-making scripture resonate with proscriptions against another transgression, against the worship of strange Gods."</ref> wealth,<ref>{{cite book|last=Fernandez|first=Miguel Perez|title=An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10904-9|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OPQXid589wIC&pg=PA5&dq=mammon+money%7Cwealth+aramaic%7CHebrew&hl=en&ei=VnbzS4jPG6DsmwPz5IGaDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=mammon%20money%7Cwealth%20aramaic%7CHebrew&f=false|page=5}}</ref> or possessions;<ref name="france">R. T. France, "God and Mammon" in ''The Evangelical Quarterly'', Vol. 51 (Jan.–Mar. 1979), p. 9</ref> although it may also have meant "that in which one trusts".<ref name=Hastings/> | |||
The Greek word for "Mammon", ''μαμμωνάς'', occurs in the Sermon on the Mount (during the discourse on ostentation) and in the parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke 16:9–13). The Authorised Version keeps the Syriac word; John Wycliffe uses ''richessis''. | |||
The | Christians began to use the name of Mammon as a pejorative, a term that was used to describe gluttony and unjust worldly gain in Biblical literature. It was personified as a false god in the New Testament. {Mt.6.24; Lk.16.13} The term is often used to refer to excessive materialism or greed as a negative influence. | ||
The Revised Standard Version (RSV) of the Bible explains "mammon is a Semitic word for money or riches."<ref>''Bible – Revised Standard Version'' (RSV), footnotes p6 NT ''Mt 6:24'', Melton Book Company, 1971</ref> The International Children's Bible (ICB) uses the wording, "You cannot serve God and money at the same time."<ref>''International Children's Bible'' p. 482 ''Mt 6:24'' (Word Publishing, 2003)</ref> | |||
== Personifications == | |||
{{quote|''"Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon." – Matthew 6:19–21,24'' (KJV)}} | |||
In the Bible, Mammon is personified in ''Luke 16:13'', and ''Matthew 6:24'', the latter verse repeating ''Luke 16:13''. In the Greek, ''Luke 16:9'', and ''Luke 16:11'' also personify Mammon. | |||
Early mentions of Mammon appear to stem from the personification in the Gospels, e.g., ''Didascalia'', "Do solo Mammona cogitant, quorum Deus est sacculus"; and Saint Augustine, "Lucrum Punice Mammon dicitur" (Serm. on Mt., ii). Gregory of Nyssa also asserted that Mammon was another name for [[Beelzebub]]. | |||
During the Middle Ages, Mammon was commonly personified as the demon of wealth and greed. Thus Peter Lombard (II, dist. 6) says, "Riches are called by the name of a devil, namely Mammon, for Mammon is the name of a devil, by which name riches are called according to the Syrian tongue." Piers Plowman also regards Mammon as a deity. Nicholas de Lyra (commenting on the passage in Luke) says: "Mammon est nomen daemonis" (Mammon is the name of a demon). | |||
Albert Barnes in his ''Notes on the New Testament'' states that Mammon was a Syriac word for an idol worshipped as the god of riches, similar to Plutus among the Greeks, but he cited no authority for the statement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biblecommenter.com/matthew/6-24.htm |title=Matthew 6:24 Commentaries: "No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth |publisher=Biblecommenter.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-20}}</ref> | |||
No trace, however, of any Syriac god of such a name exists,<ref name="france"/> and the common literary identification of the name with a god of covetousness or avarice likely stems from Edmund Spenser's ''The Faerie Queene'', where Mammon oversees a cave of worldly wealth. John Milton's ''Paradise Lost'' describes a fallen angel who values earthly treasure over all other things.<ref name="herbermann">''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Discipline, Doctrine, and History of the Catholic Church'', C. G. Herbermann, E. A. Pace, C. B. Pallen, T. J. Shahan, and J. J. Wynne, editors, pg. 580, "Mammon" by Hugh Pope. The Encyclopedia Press, New York, 1913.</ref><ref name="lessons">''Select Notes on the International Sabbath School Lessons'', F. N. Peloubet, W. A. Wilde and Company, Boston, 1880.</ref> Later occultist writings such as Jacques Collin de Plancy's ''Dictionnaire Infernal'' describe Mammon as Hell's ambassador to England. For Thomas Carlyle in ''Past and Present'', the 'Gospel of Mammonism' became simply a metaphoric personification for the materialist spirit of the nineteenth century. | |||
Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god Plutus, and the Roman Dis Pater, in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in The Divine Comedy as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves being associated with ''greed'' in the Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as "Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed". | |||
In the | ==In Various Countries== | ||
* "Mamona" (sometimes "Mamuna") is a synonym for mammon in Slavic countries. Currently, the word "mamona" is used figuratively and derogatorily in the Polish language as a synonym to money. This, however, has biblical origins; see above. The word "mammona" is quite often used in the Finnish and Estonian languages as a synonym of material wealth. | |||
* In German, the word "Mammon" is a colloquial term for "money".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Mammon |title= Mammon |publisher=Bibliographisches Institut GmbH |location=Berlin |language=German |accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> | |||
* In Arabic, the word ''amaana'' means a "financial or material trust held for someone else". Its triliteral root is /aleph – mim – nun/ and so it is likely a cognate with Syriac ''mámóna''. Sumerian, however, is not a Semitic language, although it was supplanted by Akkadian, which is a Semitic language. In the Quran, a character named Haman is mentioned along with the name "Pharaoh" on six occasions in two Surahs, 28:6; 28:8; 28:38; 29:39; 40:34; and 40:36. Muslim tradition identifies this Haman as a person of incredible wealth. | |||
== In Popular Culture == | |||
Various characters and demons are named Mammon in books, film, TV, anime, and video games. | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
== | ==External Links== | ||
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammon The original source of this article at Wikipedia] | |||
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09580b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Mammon] | |||
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=120&letter=M Jewish Encyclopedia: Mamon] | |||
*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/MAL_MAR/MAMMON.html Encyclopædia Britannica: Mammon] | |||
Latest revision as of 11:38, 12 September 2014
Mammon /ˈmæmən/, in the New Testament of the Bible, is material wealth or greed, most often personified as a deity, and sometimes included in the seven princes of Hell.
Etymology
Scholars do not agree about its etymology,[1] but it is theorized that Mammon derives from Late Latin mammon, from Greek "μαμμωνάς", Syriac mámóna ("riches"),[2] Aramaic mamon ("riches, money"),[1][3] a loanword from Mishnaic Hebrew 'ממון (mmôn) meaning money,[4][5][6] wealth,[7] or possessions;[8] although it may also have meant "that in which one trusts".[1]
The Greek word for "Mammon", μαμμωνάς, occurs in the Sermon on the Mount (during the discourse on ostentation) and in the parable of the Unjust Steward (Luke 16:9–13). The Authorised Version keeps the Syriac word; John Wycliffe uses richessis.
Christians began to use the name of Mammon as a pejorative, a term that was used to describe gluttony and unjust worldly gain in Biblical literature. It was personified as a false god in the New Testament. {Mt.6.24; Lk.16.13} The term is often used to refer to excessive materialism or greed as a negative influence.
The Revised Standard Version (RSV) of the Bible explains "mammon is a Semitic word for money or riches."[9] The International Children's Bible (ICB) uses the wording, "You cannot serve God and money at the same time."[10]
Personifications
"Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon." – Matthew 6:19–21,24 (KJV)
In the Bible, Mammon is personified in Luke 16:13, and Matthew 6:24, the latter verse repeating Luke 16:13. In the Greek, Luke 16:9, and Luke 16:11 also personify Mammon.
Early mentions of Mammon appear to stem from the personification in the Gospels, e.g., Didascalia, "Do solo Mammona cogitant, quorum Deus est sacculus"; and Saint Augustine, "Lucrum Punice Mammon dicitur" (Serm. on Mt., ii). Gregory of Nyssa also asserted that Mammon was another name for Beelzebub.
During the Middle Ages, Mammon was commonly personified as the demon of wealth and greed. Thus Peter Lombard (II, dist. 6) says, "Riches are called by the name of a devil, namely Mammon, for Mammon is the name of a devil, by which name riches are called according to the Syrian tongue." Piers Plowman also regards Mammon as a deity. Nicholas de Lyra (commenting on the passage in Luke) says: "Mammon est nomen daemonis" (Mammon is the name of a demon).
Albert Barnes in his Notes on the New Testament states that Mammon was a Syriac word for an idol worshipped as the god of riches, similar to Plutus among the Greeks, but he cited no authority for the statement.[11]
No trace, however, of any Syriac god of such a name exists,[8] and the common literary identification of the name with a god of covetousness or avarice likely stems from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, where Mammon oversees a cave of worldly wealth. John Milton's Paradise Lost describes a fallen angel who values earthly treasure over all other things.[12][13] Later occultist writings such as Jacques Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal describe Mammon as Hell's ambassador to England. For Thomas Carlyle in Past and Present, the 'Gospel of Mammonism' became simply a metaphoric personification for the materialist spirit of the nineteenth century.
Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god Plutus, and the Roman Dis Pater, in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in The Divine Comedy as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves being associated with greed in the Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as "Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed".
In Various Countries
- "Mamona" (sometimes "Mamuna") is a synonym for mammon in Slavic countries. Currently, the word "mamona" is used figuratively and derogatorily in the Polish language as a synonym to money. This, however, has biblical origins; see above. The word "mammona" is quite often used in the Finnish and Estonian languages as a synonym of material wealth.
- In German, the word "Mammon" is a colloquial term for "money".[14]
- In Arabic, the word amaana means a "financial or material trust held for someone else". Its triliteral root is /aleph – mim – nun/ and so it is likely a cognate with Syriac mámóna. Sumerian, however, is not a Semitic language, although it was supplanted by Akkadian, which is a Semitic language. In the Quran, a character named Haman is mentioned along with the name "Pharaoh" on six occasions in two Surahs, 28:6; 28:8; 28:38; 29:39; 40:34; and 40:36. Muslim tradition identifies this Haman as a person of incredible wealth.
In Popular Culture
Various characters and demons are named Mammon in books, film, TV, anime, and video games.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hastings, James, ed.; New York, Scribners, 1908–1921, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 8:374
- ↑ Webster's Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged: Publishers International Press, New York, 1977.
- ↑ John Parkhurst, Edition 5, 1809, Oxford University, A Greek and English lexicon to the New Testament. To this is prefixed a Greek grammar, p414 (Aramaic = Chaldee)
- ↑ Michael Sokoloff, JHU Press, Jan 3, 2003, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods, p.682
- ↑ Translation and definition "ממון", Dictionary Hebrew–English online (Modern Hebrew)
- ↑ Howard H. Covitz, PhD, March 30, 2000, Shabbos and Proper Nouns: "When scriptural translators chose not to translate ממון (mammon), this common Babylonian-exile word for money, they effectively neutered the Galilean’s admonition against idolizing riches, against wealth-worship, by thus-making scripture resonate with proscriptions against another transgression, against the worship of strange Gods."
- ↑ Fernandez, Miguel Perez (1999). An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew. Brill.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 R. T. France, "God and Mammon" in The Evangelical Quarterly, Vol. 51 (Jan.–Mar. 1979), p. 9
- ↑ Bible – Revised Standard Version (RSV), footnotes p6 NT Mt 6:24, Melton Book Company, 1971
- ↑ International Children's Bible p. 482 Mt 6:24 (Word Publishing, 2003)
- ↑ "Matthew 6:24 Commentaries: "No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth". Biblecommenter.com. http://biblecommenter.com/matthew/6-24.htm. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
- ↑ The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Discipline, Doctrine, and History of the Catholic Church, C. G. Herbermann, E. A. Pace, C. B. Pallen, T. J. Shahan, and J. J. Wynne, editors, pg. 580, "Mammon" by Hugh Pope. The Encyclopedia Press, New York, 1913.
- ↑ Select Notes on the International Sabbath School Lessons, F. N. Peloubet, W. A. Wilde and Company, Boston, 1880.
- ↑ "Mammon" (in German). Berlin: Bibliographisches Institut GmbH. http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Mammon. Retrieved 30 August 2013.