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Ifrit: Difference between revisions
(New page: Category:Definitions '''Ifrit''', also spelled ''efreet'', also ''ifreet'', ''afrit'', ''afreet'' (Arabic: ''ʻIfrīt'': عفريت, pl ''ʻAfārīt'': عفاريت), in Islamic myth...) |
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[[File:ArghanDivChestArmorHamza.jpg|thumb|An Ifrit named ''Arghan Div'' brings the chest of armor to Hamza.]] | |||
'''Ifrit''', '''efreet''', '''efrite''', '''ifreet''', '''afreet''', '''afrite''', and '''afrit''' (Arabic: ''{{transl|ar|Unicode|ʻIfrīt}}'': {{lang|ar|عفريت}}, [[plural|pl]] ''{{transl|ar|{{Unicode|ʻAfārīt}}}}'': {{lang|ar|عفاريت}}) are supernatural creatures in Arabic and Islamic folklore. | |||
==Description== | |||
The Ifrits are in a class of infernal Jinn noted for their strength and cunning. An ifrit is an enormous winged creature of fire, either male or female, who lives underground and frequents ruins. Ifrits live in a society structured along ancient Arab tribal lines, complete with kings, tribes, and clans. They generally marry one another, but they can also marry humans. | |||
While ordinary weapons and forces have no power over them, they are susceptible to magic, which humans can use to kill them or to capture and enslave them. As with the jinn, an ifrit may be either a believer or an unbeliever, good or evil, but he is most often depicted as a wicked and ruthless being. | |||
==Etymology== | |||
Traditionally, Arab philologists derive it from {{lang|ar|عفر}} {{transl|ar|afara}} "to rub with dust". Western philologists, such as Johann Jakob Hess and Karl Vollers, attribute the word to Middle Persian ''afritan'' which corresponds to Modern Persian {{Nastaliq|{{lang|fa|آفريدن}}}} ("to create").<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jeffery|last2=Böwering|last3=McAuliffe|first1=Arthur|first2=Gerhard|first3=Jane|title=The Foreign Vocabulary of the Quran|year=2008|publisher=Woods Press|isbn=978-1-4437-2149-3|page=215|url=http://books.google.nl/books?id=YTg4bdQSeLQC}}</ref> | |||
==Islamic Scripture== | |||
[[File:MakhanEmbracedByAnEfreeti.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Makhan embraced by an ifrit. Illustration to Nizami's poem ''Hamsa''. Bukhara, 1648.]] | |||
An Ifrit is mentioned in the Qur'an, Sura An-Naml (27:39-40): <blockquote>An ifrit (strong one) from the jinn said: "I will bring it to you before you rise from your place. And verily, I am indeed strong, and trustworthy for such work." One with whom was knowledge of the Scripture said: "I will bring it to you within the twinkling of an eye!" Then when Solomon saw it placed before him, he said: "This is by the Grace of my Lord - to test me whether I am grateful or ungrateful! And whoever is grateful, truly, his gratitude is for (the good of) his ownself; and whoever is ungrateful, (he is ungrateful only for the loss of his ownself). Certainly my Lord is Rich (Free of all needs), Bountiful.</blockquote> | |||
==Arabic Literature== | |||
In ''One Thousand and One Nights'', in a tale called "The Porter and the Young Girls", there is a narrative about a prince who is attacked by pirates and takes refuge with a woodcutter. The prince finds an underground chamber in the forest leading to a beautiful woman who has been kidnapped by an ifrit. The prince sleeps with the woman and both are attacked by the jealous ifrit, who changes the prince into an ape. Later a princess restores the prince and fights a pitched battle with the ifrit, who changes shape into various animals, fruit, and fire until being reduced to cinders. In the book the word is used interchangeably with ''genie'' and in the tale the spirit is malevolent but easily tricked by the protagonist.<ref name=Hale>{{cite news|author = Leon Hale|title = Arabic mythology is worth revisiting|publisher = ''Houston Chronicle''|date = January 13, 2002|url = http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?di}}</ref> | |||
In medieval Iranian literature, the word ifrit often denotes an African.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Southgate | first = Minoo | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Negative Images of Blacks in Some Medieval Iranian Writings | journal = Iranian Studies | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = | publisher = Taylor & Francis, Ltd. | date = Winter 1984 | jstor = 4310424 | issn = | doi = }}</ref> | |||
== | |||
In early folklore, the ifrit is said to be formed from the blood of a murder victim. Driving an unused nail into the blood was supposed to stop their formation. The creatures were reported as being able to take the form of Satan, the murder victim, or even a sandstorm.<ref>"Aeromancy". The Element Encyclopedia of the Psychic World. Harper Element. 2006. p. 10.</ref> | |||
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ | |||
==Modern literature and culture== | |||
[[File:ShahnamehRustamsea.jpg|thumb|Div Akvan throws Rustam into the Caspian Sea.]] | |||
In Emily Brontë's preface to the 1850 edition of ''Wuthering Heights'', she suggests that Heathcliff was a "child neither of Lascar nor gipsy, but a man's shape animated by demon life – a Ghoul – and Afreet." | |||
Stories of ifrits were highly prevalent in Egyptian culture up until the Second World War. British soldiers visiting the pyramids reported that they had been warned by the locals of ifrits living in the desert in the form of a dog which would lead them astray until they became lost. At this time Ifrits were also said to have the power to turn humans into animals themselves.<ref name="Egypt">{{Cite journal | last = Larken | first = E. P. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Egyptian Beliefs | journal = Folklore | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 471 | publisher = Taylor & Francis, Ltd. | date = | jstor = 1254244 | issn = | doi = 10.1080/0015587x.1908.9719851}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Iskandarlassoesdemon.jpg | thumb | right |Iskandar lassoes a Russian demon, from the Hamsa of Nizami. (Persian, c. 1505)]] | |||
In the ''Dungeons and Dragons'' series of tabletop role playing games, the Efreet (singular Efreeti) are powerful extradimensional beings originally from the Elemental Plane of Fire (later changed to The Elemental Chaos). | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==External Links== | |||
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifrit The original source of this article at Wikipedia] | |||
Revision as of 13:02, 7 July 2014
Ifrit, efreet, efrite, ifreet, afreet, afrite, and afrit (Arabic: ʻIfrīt: عفريت, pl ʻAfārīt: عفاريت) are supernatural creatures in Arabic and Islamic folklore.
Description
The Ifrits are in a class of infernal Jinn noted for their strength and cunning. An ifrit is an enormous winged creature of fire, either male or female, who lives underground and frequents ruins. Ifrits live in a society structured along ancient Arab tribal lines, complete with kings, tribes, and clans. They generally marry one another, but they can also marry humans.
While ordinary weapons and forces have no power over them, they are susceptible to magic, which humans can use to kill them or to capture and enslave them. As with the jinn, an ifrit may be either a believer or an unbeliever, good or evil, but he is most often depicted as a wicked and ruthless being.
Etymology
Traditionally, Arab philologists derive it from عفر afara "to rub with dust". Western philologists, such as Johann Jakob Hess and Karl Vollers, attribute the word to Middle Persian afritan which corresponds to Modern Persian آفريدن ("to create").[1]
Islamic Scripture
An Ifrit is mentioned in the Qur'an, Sura An-Naml (27:39-40):
An ifrit (strong one) from the jinn said: "I will bring it to you before you rise from your place. And verily, I am indeed strong, and trustworthy for such work." One with whom was knowledge of the Scripture said: "I will bring it to you within the twinkling of an eye!" Then when Solomon saw it placed before him, he said: "This is by the Grace of my Lord - to test me whether I am grateful or ungrateful! And whoever is grateful, truly, his gratitude is for (the good of) his ownself; and whoever is ungrateful, (he is ungrateful only for the loss of his ownself). Certainly my Lord is Rich (Free of all needs), Bountiful.
Arabic Literature
In One Thousand and One Nights, in a tale called "The Porter and the Young Girls", there is a narrative about a prince who is attacked by pirates and takes refuge with a woodcutter. The prince finds an underground chamber in the forest leading to a beautiful woman who has been kidnapped by an ifrit. The prince sleeps with the woman and both are attacked by the jealous ifrit, who changes the prince into an ape. Later a princess restores the prince and fights a pitched battle with the ifrit, who changes shape into various animals, fruit, and fire until being reduced to cinders. In the book the word is used interchangeably with genie and in the tale the spirit is malevolent but easily tricked by the protagonist.[2]
In medieval Iranian literature, the word ifrit often denotes an African.[3]
In early folklore, the ifrit is said to be formed from the blood of a murder victim. Driving an unused nail into the blood was supposed to stop their formation. The creatures were reported as being able to take the form of Satan, the murder victim, or even a sandstorm.[4]
Modern literature and culture
In Emily Brontë's preface to the 1850 edition of Wuthering Heights, she suggests that Heathcliff was a "child neither of Lascar nor gipsy, but a man's shape animated by demon life – a Ghoul – and Afreet."
Stories of ifrits were highly prevalent in Egyptian culture up until the Second World War. British soldiers visiting the pyramids reported that they had been warned by the locals of ifrits living in the desert in the form of a dog which would lead them astray until they became lost. At this time Ifrits were also said to have the power to turn humans into animals themselves.[5]
In the Dungeons and Dragons series of tabletop role playing games, the Efreet (singular Efreeti) are powerful extradimensional beings originally from the Elemental Plane of Fire (later changed to The Elemental Chaos).
References
- ↑ (2008) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Quran. Woods Press.
- ↑ Leon Hale (January 13, 2002). "Arabic mythology is worth revisiting". Houston Chronicle. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?di.
- ↑ Southgate, Minoo (Winter 1984). "The Negative Images of Blacks in Some Medieval Iranian Writings". Iranian Studies 17 (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd..
- ↑ "Aeromancy". The Element Encyclopedia of the Psychic World. Harper Element. 2006. p. 10.
- ↑ Larken, E. P.. "Egyptian Beliefs". Folklore 19 (4): 471. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1908.9719851.