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[[Category:Definitions]]
'''Tulpa ''' (Tibetan: སྤྲུལ་པ, Wylie: sprul-pa; Sanskrit: निर्मित nirmita<ref name="Reynolds, John Myrdhin 1996 p.350">{{cite book| last = Dorje| first = Garab| title = The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, the First Teacher of Dzogchen, Together with a Commentary by| year = 1996| publisher = Snow Lion Publications| isbn = 978-1-55939-050-7| page = 350 }}</ref> and निर्माण nirmāṇa;<ref>Rinbochay, Lati; Rinbochay, Denma Lochö; Zahler, Leah (translator); & Hopkins, Jeffrey (translator) (1983, 1997). ''Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism''. Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-119-X. p.188.</ref> "to build" or "to construct") also translated as "magical emanation",<ref>DeWitt Garson, Nathaniel. Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra</ref> "conjured thing" <ref>David V. Fiordalis, Miracles and Superhuman Powers in South Asian Buddhist Literature</ref> and "phantom" <ref>Ulrich Timme K
RAGH, All Mind, No Text – All Text, No Mind Tracing Yogācāra in the Early Bka' brgyud Literature of Dags po</ref> is a concept in mysticism of a being or object which is created through sheer spiritual or mental discipline alone. It is defined in Indian Buddhist texts as any unreal, illusory or mind created apparition.


In mysticism a '''tulpa''' is the concept of a being or object which is created through sheer willpower alone. It is a materialized thought that has taken physical form and is usually regarded as synonymous to a thoughtform.
According to Alexandra David-Néel, tulpas are "magic formations generated by a powerful concentration of thought." It is a materialized thought that has taken physical form and is usually regarded as synonymous to a '''thoughtform'''.<ref name="Campbell">{{cite book | last1 = Campbell | first1 = Eileen | last2 = Brennan | first2 = J.H. | last3 = Holt-Underwood | first3 = Fran
| title = Body Mind & Spirit: A Dictionary of New Age Ideas, People, Places, and Terms | publisher = Tuttle | date = February 1994 | isbn = 0-8048-3010-X}}</ref>


The term comes from the works of Alexandra David-Neel, who claimed to have created a tulpa in the image of a jolly, Friar Tuck-like monk which later developed a life of its own and had to be destroyed. The concept is thought to derive from Tibetan mysticism, while the term is thought to derive from Tibetan ''[http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/sprul_ba sprul ba]'' or ''sprul pa''.
Many authors and artists have since used tulpas in their works, both in the context of fiction and in writing about mysticism.


==Explanations==
== Indian Buddhism ==
*According to the book ''Mysteries of the Unexplained'', published by Reader's Digest:
One early Buddhist text, the Samaññaphala Sutta lists the ability to create a “mind-made body” (''mano-maya-kaya'') as one of the 'fruits of the contemplative life'. Commentarial tantric texts such as the Patisambhidamagga and the Visuddhimagga state that this mind-made body is how the Buddha and other Buddhists Arhats are able to travel into heavenly realms using the continuum of the mindstream ("Boddhi") and it is also used to explain the multiplication miracle of the Buddha as illustrated in the Divyavadana, in which the Buddha multiplied his emanation body ("nirmita") into countless other bodies which filled the sky. A Buddha or other realized being is able to project many such "nirmitas" simultaneously in an infinite variety of forms, in different realms simultaneously.<ref>David V. Fiordalis, Miracles and Superhuman Powers in South Asian Buddhist Literature, pg 125</ref>
<blockquote>
There are... apparitions that make public appearances. Some of these are said to be the perceptible double&mdash;the etheric counterpart&mdash;of a living person who is undergoing an out-of-body experience. Even more mysterious are the externalized perceptible manifestations of something whose existence originated in the mind of its creator by virtue of that person's incredible powers of concentration, visualization, and other, more occult, efforts of the mind. In Tibet, where such things are practiced, a ghost of this kind is called a ''tulpa''. A ''tulpa'' is usually produced by a skilled magician or yogi, although in some cases it is said to arise from the collective imagination of superstitious villagers, say, or of travelers passing through some sinister tract of country.
</blockquote>
*Evans-Wentz (1954: p.29) discusses ''tulku'' (or ''nirmanakaya'') and ''tulpa'':
<blockquote>
Inasmuch as the mind creates the world of appearances, it can create any particular object desired. The process consists of giving palpable being to a visualization, in very much the same manner as an architect gives concrete expression in three dimensions to his abstract concepts after first having given them expression in the two-dimensions of his blue-print. The Tibetans call the One Mind's concretized visualization the Khorva (Hkhorva), equivalent to the Sanskrit Sangsara; that of an incarnate deity, like the Dalai or Tashi Lama, they call a Tul-ku (Sprul-sku), and that of a magician a Tul-pa (Sprul-pa), meaning a magically produced illusion or creation. A master of yoga can dissolve a Tul-pa as readily as he can create it; and his own illusory human body, or Tul-ku, he can likewise dissolve, and thus outwit Death. Sometimes, by means of this magic, one human form can be amalgamated with another, as in the instance of the wife of Marpa, guru of Milarepa, who ended her life by incorporating herself in the body of Marpa."
</blockquote>


===Related concepts===
The Indian Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu defined ''nirmita'' (tulpa) as a siddhi or psychic power (Pali: ''iddhi'', Skt: ''ṛddhi'') developed through Buddhist discipline, concentrative discipline and wisdom, (''samadhi'') in his seminal work on Buddhist philosophy, the Abhidharmakośa. Asanga's Bodhisattvabhūmi, defines nirmāṇa as a magical illusion and “basically, something without a basis”.<ref>David V. Fiordalis, Miracles and Superhuman Powers in South Asian Buddhist Literature, pg 130</ref> The Buddhist Madhyamaka school of philosophy sees all reality as empty of essence, all reality is seen as a form of nirmita or magical illusion.
*A similar orthographic and phonemic construction in Tibetan is [http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/'phrul 'phrul] which holds the semantic field: magic, miracle, black art, emanation, jugglery, trick, magical illusion, conjuring, manifestation.
*Another term that may be rendered "thoughtform" is 'yilu' (Tibetan: ''[http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/yid_lus yid lus]''). 'Yidam' (Tibetan: ''[http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/yi_dam yi dam]'') are tulpa. The concept of "tulpa" is vindicated in the Consciousness-only Doctrine first propounded within the Yogacara School. The doctrine is entwined with the doctrine and lineage of the Mindstream and may even have ancient roots and antecedents in Bonpo traditions, Himalayan and Asian shamanism evident in Tibet, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Tuva, Mongolia, Russia and China.


==Cultural references==
===Literature===


* In ''Nightingale's Lament'' by Simon Green, a tulpa in the image of John Taylor's client is sent after him at one point, tracking him by a hair the client left on his jacket; it disappears when the hair is destroyed.
== Tibetan Buddhism ==
Tulpa is a spiritual discipline and teachings concept in Tibetan Buddhism and Bon. The term “thoughtform” is used as early as 1927 in Evans-Wentz' translation of the Tibetan Book of the Dead. John Myrdhin Reynolds in a note to his English translation of the life story of Garab Dorje defines a ''tulpa'' as “an emanation or a manifestation.”<ref name="Reynolds, John Myrdhin 1996 p.350"/>


* In ''Every Which Way But Dead'' by Kim Harrison, 'Tulpa' is the focus word used to create a three-dimensional circle in the main character, Rachel Morgan's imagination, and is used to hold an overflow of power.
As the Tibetan use of the tulpa concept is described in the book ''Magical Use of Thoughtforms'', the student was expected to come to the understanding that the tulpa was just a hallucination. While they were told that the tulpa was a genuine deity, "The pupil who accepted this was deemed a failure – and set off to spend the rest of his life in an uncomfortable hallucination."<ref>{{cite book| author = Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki|author2=James Herbert Brennan | title = Magical Use of Thought Forms: A Proven System of Mental & Spiritual Empowerment| year = 2001| publisher = Llewellyn Worldwide| isbn = 978-1-56718-084-8 }}</ref>


* In ''American Gods'' by Neil Gaiman, various deity-like beings are created through cultural belief, a certain society's perception of, say, Odin, creating a form of that god particular to that society.
=== Alexandra David-Néel ===
The term is used in the works of Alexandra David-Néel, a Belgian-French explorer, spiritualist and Buddhist, who observed these practices in 20th century Tibet. Alexandra wrote that “an accomplished Bodhisattva is capable of effecting ten kinds of magic creations. The power of producing magic formations, tulkus or less lasting and materialized tulpas, does not, however, belong exclusively to such mystic exalted beings. Any human, divine or demoniac being may be possessed of it. The only difference comes from the degree of power, and this depends on the strength of the concentration and the quality of the mind itself.”<ref>Alexandra David-Néel, ''Magic and Mystery in Tibet'', 1929, pg 115</ref>


* In ''It (novel)|It'' by Stephen King, the eponymous entity's various manifestations are given form and power by the belief of the townspeople.
Alexandra also wrote of the tulpa's ability to develop a mind of its own: “Once the tulpa is endowed with enough vitality to be capable of playing the part of a real being, it tends to free itself from its maker's control. This, say Tibetan occultists, happens nearly mechanically, just as the child, when his body is completed and able to live apart, leaves its mother's womb.”<ref>Alexandra David-Néel, ''Magic and Mystery in Tibet'', 1929, pg 283</ref> Alexandra claimed to have created a tulpa in the image of a jolly Friar Tuck-like monk which later developed a life of its own and had to be destroyed.<ref>{{cite book| last = Marshall| first = Richard| title = Mysteries of the Unexplained| year = 1990| publisher = Readers Digest Association| isbn = 0-89577-146-2 }} Page 176 describes Alexandra David-Néel's experience, as recalled in her 1929 published book ''Magic and Mystery in Tibet''.</ref> Alexandra raised the possibility that her experience was illusory: “I may have created my own hallucination.”


*In ''Outcast'' by Lynne Ewing, the main character, Kyle, is confronted and pestered by a tulpa of his own creation, that convinces him that he is his lost twin brother.


*In Grant Morrison’s Marvel Comics|Marvel graphic novel ‘Fantastic Four 1234’ (2002) Reed Richards muses on a fictitious journey to Tibet where, with the help of Bön priest, he creates a Tulpa, a “thoughtform”. After Richards names it ‘Victor’ the Tulpa takes on a life of its own, becoming Richards’ opposite number.  This was an alternative, fantastical, origin for Richards’ arch enemy Dr Doom (aka Victor Von Doom).  
== Thoughtform ==
A '''thoughtform''' is the equivalent concept to a ''tulpa'' but within the Western occult tradition. The Western understanding is believed by some to have originated as an interpretation of the Tibetan concept.<ref name="Campbell" /> Its concept is related to the Western philosophy and practice of [[magic (paranormal)|magic]].<ref>{{cite book| author = David Michael Cunningham|author2=Amanda R. Wagener | title = Creating Magickal Entities: A Complete Guide to Entity Creation| year = 2003| publisher = Egregore Pub| isbn = 978-1-932517-44-6 }}</ref>


*According to the book ''The Teachings of Don Juan Matus'', a Mexican shaman by the name of Don Juan Matus, who had taught his student Carlos Castaneda, the books author, about the true nature of the physical universe and how intense concentration can summon, apport, and even materialize objects out of thin air. It was said that Carlos Castaneda was able to materialize a living squirrel on the palm of Don Juan's hand based on the latter's instruction.


* In ''Secrets & Mysteries of the World'' by Sylvia Browne , chapter 7: Tulpas, explains brief story of old Tulpas and new Tulpas from England.
== Modern Perspective ==
In recent years, a subculture has formed online who create hallucinations or imaginary friends which they call tulpas. Most such people do not believe that there is anything supernatural about tulpas. A number of web sites explain the methods people use to create tulpas of this sort.<ref>{{cite news |title=Conjuring Up Our Own Gods |first=T. M. |last=Luhrmann |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/opinion/luhrmann-conjuring-up-our-own-gods.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the 'Tulpamancers': The Internet's Newest Subculture Is Incredibly Weird |first=Nathan |last=Thompson |url=http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/tulpamancy-internet-subculture-892 |newspaper=Vice |date=September 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Samuel Veissière, PhD
| title = Talking to Tulpas: Sentient Imaginary Friends, the Social Mind, and Implications for Culture, Cognition, and Mental Health Research | journal = Academia | date = Sep 2014 | url = https://www.academia.edu/8124455/Talking_to_Tulpas_Sentient_Imaginary_Friends_the_Social_Mind_and_Implications_for_Culture_Cognition_and_Mental_Health_Research }}</ref>


* In ''The Mothman Prophecies'' by John A. Keel, the author alludes to several ghost and UFO sightings as likely being tulpas.
Chidambaram Ramesh, an Indian author and researchers, in his book "Thought Forms and Hallucinations" has mentioned that the creation of thought forms and other mental entities like Tulpa etc., is the result of holographic mind processing.


* In ''Las Ruinas Circulares'' by Jorge Luis Borges, the hole tale is about the creation of a tulpa that become evil and dangerous.


* Smith, Russell James (2003). ''Tulpa''. Writers Advantage. ISBN-10: 0595274900 / ISBN-13:978-0595274901 (a work of fiction)
== See Also ==
* [[Homunculus]]


* In ''The Wheel of Darkness'' by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child, a tulpa is created.


*Alvin Schwartz, writer of Superman comics during the '40s and '50s, writes in his book, ''An Unlikely Prophet'' about a tulpa he meets, named Thongden. The tulpa educates Schwartz about his own tulpa, Superman. ISBN-10: 0965952126 and ISBN-13: 978-0965952125
== References ==
{{reflist}}


*Starting in July 1989, Alan Grant (writer) wrote a story arc for Batman entitled "Tulpa", in which a Tibetian man creates entities to steal for him in order to repay a mob boss.


* Horror author Clive Barker envisioned his famous "Candyman (slasher)|Candy Man" killer to be nothing more than a myth gone terribly awry in his original story.
==External Links==
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulpa The original source of this article at Wikipedia]
===Film and television===
 
* In the ''X-Files'' episode ''Arcadia'' (6X13), the president of the homeowners' association for an exclusive gated community uses a tulpa to enforce the neighborhood rules; those who repeatedly violate the guidelines meet a grisly fate at its hands.
 
* The ''Supernatural'' episode ''Hell House'' (1.17) features a haunted house in which the resident malevolent spirit turns out to be a tulpa, created when the beliefs of thousands of website visitors are focused through a Tibetan Sigil painted on one wall of the house.
 
* In the ''So Weird'' episode ''PK (or Tulpa)''. Fi meets a little boy who is troublesome and it is caused because of a Tulpa he creates. He thinks it is an imaginary friend but Fi tells him it's some type of energy he created and helps him solve it.
 
* In ''Tears of Kali'' by Andreas Marschall, an entity becomes an evil murderer that can't be controlled.
 
*In ''Paranoia Agent'', the character Lil' Slugger (Shonen Bat) is revealed to have materialized thanks to the growing hysteria caused when Tsukiko Sagi claimed he attacked her.
 
*''The Tulpa'' is a Canadian short film. See [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0466498/ The Tulpa (2005)]
 
*In the animated television show, ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends'', imaginary friends are depicted as corporeal, living thoughtforms, brought to life upon being imagined by a child.
 
===Computer games===
 
*In the RPG (Role-Playing Game) '''Over the Edge''', Tulpas are used as background characters (NPC's). They also have natural enemies, sociopathic individuals called '''Sandmen''', who prey on them to create either "Nightmare" (a drug) or "Dreamweb" (gossamer webs that can capture dreams from people). Dreamweb are typically used to capture the nightmares of neurotic individuals, which are also sold as something like a drug.
*Although the word "Tulpa" is never used in the '''Changeling: the Dreaming''' RPG, creatures known as "Chimera" fulfill a role very similar to Tulpa.  Chimera may be sentient or non-sentient entities made manifest in the mental alternate reality of "The Dreaming".  They typically arise spontaneously due to the force of human thought and emotion, sometimes from the dreams of individuals but potentially as amalgams of all human thought.  These beings are typically weakened by exposure to human doubt, but nevertheless some have the necessary strength and abilities to manifest as tangible entities in the mundane world of humans, at least for a time.
 
==See also==
* Wikipedia entry: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egregore Egregore]
* Wikipedia entry: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_Forms Thought Forms]
 
==Notes==
 
*1 Eileen Campbell, J.H. Brennan and Fran Holt-Underwood, Body Mind & Spirit: A Dictionary of New Age Ideas, People, Places, and Terms, Tuttle Pub, ISBN 0-8048-3010-X
*2 (1990) Mysteries of the Unexplained. Readers Digest Association. ISBN 0-89577-146-2. Page 176 describes Alexandra David-Néel's experience, as recalled in her 1929 published book Magic and Mystery in Tibet.
*3 Mysteries of the Unexplained, 1985, Reader's Digest Association Inc. page 176
*4 The Tibetan book of the great liberation; or, The method of realizing nirvana through knowing the mind, preceded by an epitome of Padma-Sambhava’s biography and followed by Guru Phadampa Sangay’s teachings. According to English renderings by Sardar Bahädur S. W. Laden La and by the Lāmas Karma Sumdhon Paul, Lobzang Mingyur Dorje, and Kazi Dawa-Samdup. Introductions, annotations, and editing by W. Y. Evans-Wentz. With psychological commentary by C. G. Jung. London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1954. (In the quotation, Sangsara is an alternate English representation of the termSamsara.[citation needed])
*5 The Teachings of Don Juan Matus
*6 PEYOTE'S HALLUCINATIONS SPAWN REAL-LIFE ACADEMIC FEUD
*7 The Tulpa (2005)
 
==External links==
*[http://www.swami-center.org/en/text/Juan_Matus.html The Teaching of Juan Matus]
*[http://www.chaosmatrix.org/library/chaos/texts/gegregor.html Egregore Definition Compilation]

Revision as of 09:18, 15 October 2014

Tulpa (Tibetan: སྤྲུལ་པ, Wylie: sprul-pa; Sanskrit: निर्मित nirmita[1] and निर्माण nirmāṇa;[2] "to build" or "to construct") also translated as "magical emanation",[3] "conjured thing" [4] and "phantom" [5] is a concept in mysticism of a being or object which is created through sheer spiritual or mental discipline alone. It is defined in Indian Buddhist texts as any unreal, illusory or mind created apparition.

According to Alexandra David-Néel, tulpas are "magic formations generated by a powerful concentration of thought." It is a materialized thought that has taken physical form and is usually regarded as synonymous to a thoughtform.[6]


Indian Buddhism

One early Buddhist text, the Samaññaphala Sutta lists the ability to create a “mind-made body” (mano-maya-kaya) as one of the 'fruits of the contemplative life'. Commentarial tantric texts such as the Patisambhidamagga and the Visuddhimagga state that this mind-made body is how the Buddha and other Buddhists Arhats are able to travel into heavenly realms using the continuum of the mindstream ("Boddhi") and it is also used to explain the multiplication miracle of the Buddha as illustrated in the Divyavadana, in which the Buddha multiplied his emanation body ("nirmita") into countless other bodies which filled the sky. A Buddha or other realized being is able to project many such "nirmitas" simultaneously in an infinite variety of forms, in different realms simultaneously.[7]

The Indian Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu defined nirmita (tulpa) as a siddhi or psychic power (Pali: iddhi, Skt: ṛddhi) developed through Buddhist discipline, concentrative discipline and wisdom, (samadhi) in his seminal work on Buddhist philosophy, the Abhidharmakośa. Asanga's Bodhisattvabhūmi, defines nirmāṇa as a magical illusion and “basically, something without a basis”.[8] The Buddhist Madhyamaka school of philosophy sees all reality as empty of essence, all reality is seen as a form of nirmita or magical illusion.


Tibetan Buddhism

Tulpa is a spiritual discipline and teachings concept in Tibetan Buddhism and Bon. The term “thoughtform” is used as early as 1927 in Evans-Wentz' translation of the Tibetan Book of the Dead. John Myrdhin Reynolds in a note to his English translation of the life story of Garab Dorje defines a tulpa as “an emanation or a manifestation.”[1]

As the Tibetan use of the tulpa concept is described in the book Magical Use of Thoughtforms, the student was expected to come to the understanding that the tulpa was just a hallucination. While they were told that the tulpa was a genuine deity, "The pupil who accepted this was deemed a failure – and set off to spend the rest of his life in an uncomfortable hallucination."[9]

Alexandra David-Néel

The term is used in the works of Alexandra David-Néel, a Belgian-French explorer, spiritualist and Buddhist, who observed these practices in 20th century Tibet. Alexandra wrote that “an accomplished Bodhisattva is capable of effecting ten kinds of magic creations. The power of producing magic formations, tulkus or less lasting and materialized tulpas, does not, however, belong exclusively to such mystic exalted beings. Any human, divine or demoniac being may be possessed of it. The only difference comes from the degree of power, and this depends on the strength of the concentration and the quality of the mind itself.”[10]

Alexandra also wrote of the tulpa's ability to develop a mind of its own: “Once the tulpa is endowed with enough vitality to be capable of playing the part of a real being, it tends to free itself from its maker's control. This, say Tibetan occultists, happens nearly mechanically, just as the child, when his body is completed and able to live apart, leaves its mother's womb.”[11] Alexandra claimed to have created a tulpa in the image of a jolly Friar Tuck-like monk which later developed a life of its own and had to be destroyed.[12] Alexandra raised the possibility that her experience was illusory: “I may have created my own hallucination.”


Thoughtform

A thoughtform is the equivalent concept to a tulpa but within the Western occult tradition. The Western understanding is believed by some to have originated as an interpretation of the Tibetan concept.[6] Its concept is related to the Western philosophy and practice of magic.[13]


Modern Perspective

In recent years, a subculture has formed online who create hallucinations or imaginary friends which they call tulpas. Most such people do not believe that there is anything supernatural about tulpas. A number of web sites explain the methods people use to create tulpas of this sort.[14][15][16]

Chidambaram Ramesh, an Indian author and researchers, in his book "Thought Forms and Hallucinations" has mentioned that the creation of thought forms and other mental entities like Tulpa etc., is the result of holographic mind processing.


See Also


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dorje, Garab (1996). The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, the First Teacher of Dzogchen, Together with a Commentary by. Snow Lion Publications.
  2. ↑ Rinbochay, Lati; Rinbochay, Denma Lochö; Zahler, Leah (translator); & Hopkins, Jeffrey (translator) (1983, 1997). Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism. Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-119-X. p.188.
  3. ↑ DeWitt Garson, Nathaniel. Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra
  4. ↑ David V. Fiordalis, Miracles and Superhuman Powers in South Asian Buddhist Literature
  5. ↑ Ulrich Timme K RAGH, All Mind, No Text – All Text, No Mind Tracing Yogācāra in the Early Bka' brgyud Literature of Dags po
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 (February 1994) Body Mind & Spirit: A Dictionary of New Age Ideas, People, Places, and Terms. Tuttle.
  7. ↑ David V. Fiordalis, Miracles and Superhuman Powers in South Asian Buddhist Literature, pg 125
  8. ↑ David V. Fiordalis, Miracles and Superhuman Powers in South Asian Buddhist Literature, pg 130
  9. ↑ Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki (2001). Magical Use of Thought Forms: A Proven System of Mental & Spiritual Empowerment. Llewellyn Worldwide.
  10. ↑ Alexandra David-Néel, Magic and Mystery in Tibet, 1929, pg 115
  11. ↑ Alexandra David-Néel, Magic and Mystery in Tibet, 1929, pg 283
  12. ↑ Marshall, Richard (1990). Mysteries of the Unexplained. Readers Digest Association. Page 176 describes Alexandra David-Néel's experience, as recalled in her 1929 published book Magic and Mystery in Tibet.
  13. ↑ David Michael Cunningham (2003). Creating Magickal Entities: A Complete Guide to Entity Creation. Egregore Pub.
  14. ↑ Luhrmann, T. M. (October 14, 2013). "Conjuring Up Our Own Gods". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/opinion/luhrmann-conjuring-up-our-own-gods.html. 
  15. ↑ Thompson, Nathan (September 3, 2014). "Meet the 'Tulpamancers': The Internet's Newest Subculture Is Incredibly Weird". Vice. http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/tulpamancy-internet-subculture-892. 
  16. ↑ Samuel Veissière, PhD (Sep 2014). "Talking to Tulpas: Sentient Imaginary Friends, the Social Mind, and Implications for Culture, Cognition, and Mental Health Research". Academia. 


External Links

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